tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76152966021346878322024-03-04T20:04:53.004-08:00Adhe Oshin Itazura Hachigatsulove of nature, before nature's wrath and examine all the work before the bad-value.. !Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger33125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-45853677890287581122012-12-21T02:07:00.000-08:002012-12-21T02:07:05.930-08:00Jilbab Punuk Unta, Wanita Yang Tak Mencium Bau Surga<br />
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Istilah “jilbab gaul”, “jilbab modis” atau “jilbab keren”…tentu
tidak asing di telinga kita, karena nama-nama ini sangat populer dan ngetrend
di kalangan para wanita muslimah. Bahkan kebanyakan dari mereka merasa bangga
dengan mengenakan jilbab model ini dan beranggapan ini lebih sesuai dengan
situasi dan kondisi di jaman sekarang.<br />
<br />
Ironisnya lagi, sebagian dari mereka justru menganggap </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.novieffendi.com/2012/01/fiqh-jilbab-wanita-muslimah-sesuai.html"><span style="color: #d64646; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">jilbab yang sesuai dengan
syariat </span></a></span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">adalah kuno, kaku dan tidak sesuai
dengan tuntutan jaman. Inilah yang terjadi jika berpakaian ala barat yang
transparan dan sangat memamerkan aurat telah menjadi budaya kaum muslimin.
Inilah yang terjadi jika wanita-wanita kita jauh dari pemahaman agama yang
benar<br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Ketahuilah...</span></b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><br />
<br />
Dari Abu Hurairah <i>radhiyallahu ‘anhu</i>, beliau berkata bahwa
Rasulullah <i>shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam</i> bersabda:<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">صِنْفَانِ مِنْ أَهْلِ
النَّارِ لَمْ أَرَهُمَا قَوْمٌ مَعَهُمْ سِيَاطٌ كَأَذْنَابِ الْبَقَرِ
يَضْرِبُونَ بِهَا النَّاسَ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: red; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">وَنِسَاءٌ كَاسِيَاتٌ عَارِيَاتٌ مُمِيلاَتٌ مَائِلاَتٌ رُءُوسُهُنَّ
كَأَسْنِمَةِ الْبُخْتِ الْمَائِلَةِ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: red; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">لاَ يَدْخُلْنَ الْجَنَّةَ وَلاَ يَجِدْنَ رِيحَهَا وَإِنَّ رِيحَهَا
لَيُوجَدُ مِنْ مَسِيرَةِ كَذَا وَكَذَا </span></b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguKRuuK80juiC2ucotRVRoj9sio7c2qBTCBuAuUA1VjcVtWk__6kHWbVJuKjPVQFxYnh-SSQnaj-IR7gMw1dbU9X9JbBOni5dFSjCE0jB4dxu_wtpLnabNM8t50BtfbOBFlU3hbno7BQia/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguKRuuK80juiC2ucotRVRoj9sio7c2qBTCBuAuUA1VjcVtWk__6kHWbVJuKjPVQFxYnh-SSQnaj-IR7gMw1dbU9X9JbBOni5dFSjCE0jB4dxu_wtpLnabNM8t50BtfbOBFlU3hbno7BQia/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><br />
“<i>Ada dua golongan dari penduduk neraka yang belum pernah aku lihat: [<b>1</b>]
Suatu kaum yang memiliki cambuk seperti ekor sapi untuk memukul manusia dan [<b>2</b>] </i></span><b><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">para wanita yang berpakaian tapi
telanjang, berlenggak-lenggok, kepala mereka seperti<u> punuk unta</u> yang
miring.</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> Wanita
seperti itu tidak akan masuk surga dan tidak akan mencium baunya, walaupun
baunya tercium selama perjalanan sekian dan sekian.</span></i><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">” (HR. Muslim no. 2128)<br />
<br />
Lihatlah gambar punuk unta yang dilingkari berikut..! dan bandingkan dengan
gambar-gambar <i> </i></span><b><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">para wanita yang berpakaian tapi telanjang, berlenggak-lenggok,
kepala mereka seperti<u> punuk unta</u> yang miring</span></i></b><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> setelahnya...!</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Kerusakan seperti ini tidak muncul
di zaman Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam karena sucinya zaman beliau, namun
kerusakan ini baru terjadi setelah masa beliau wafat. Hadits ini sangat mencela
dua golongan semacam ini. (Lihat Syarh Muslim, 9/240 dan Faidul Qodir, 4/275).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wahai Rabbku. Dan zaman ini lebih
nyata lagi terjadi dan kerusakannya lebih parah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Saudariku, pahamilah makna
‘kasiyatun ‘ariyatun’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">An Nawawi dalam Syarh Muslim ketika
menjelaskan hadits di atas mengatakan bahwa ada beberapa makna kasiyatun
‘ariyatun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wanita yang mendapat nikmat Allah,
namun enggan bersyukur kepada-Nya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wanita yang mengenakan pakaian,
namun kosong dari amalan kebaikan dan tidak mau mengutamakan akhiratnya serta
enggan melakukan ketaatan kepada Allah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wanita yang menyingkap sebagian
anggota tubuhnya, sengaja menampakkan keindahan tubuhnya. Inilah yang dimaksud
wanita yang berpakaian tetapi telanjang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wanita yang memakai pakaian tipis
sehingga nampak bagian dalam tubuhnya. Wanita tersebut berpakaian, namun
sebenarnya telanjang. (Lihat Syarh Muslim, 9/240)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Pengertian yang disampaikan An
Nawawi di atas, ada yang bermakna konkrit dan ada yang bermakna maknawi
(abstrak). Begitu pula dijelaskan oleh ulama lainnya sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Ibnu ‘Abdil Barr rahimahullah
mengatakan, “Makna kasiyatun ‘ariyatun adalah para wanita yang memakai pakaian
yang tipis yang menggambarkan bentuk tubuhnya, pakaian tersebut belum menutupi
(anggota tubuh yang wajib ditutupi dengan sempurna). Mereka memang berpakaian,
namun pada hakikatnya mereka telanjang.” (Jilbab Al Mar’ah Muslimah, 125-126)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Al Munawi dalam Faidul Qodir
mengatakan mengenai makna kasiyatun ‘ariyatun, “Senyatanya memang wanita
tersebut berpakaian, namun sebenarnya dia telanjang. Karena wanita tersebut
mengenakan pakaian yang tipis sehingga dapat menampakkan kulitnya. Makna
lainnya adalah dia menampakkan perhiasannya, namun tidak mau mengenakan pakaian
takwa. Makna lainnya adalah dia mendapatkan nikmat, namun enggan untuk
bersyukur pada Allah. Makna lainnya lagi adalah dia berpakaian, namun kosong
dari amalan kebaikan. Makna lainnya lagi adalah dia menutup sebagian badannya,
namun dia membuka sebagian anggota tubuhnya (yang wajib ditutupi) untuk
menampakkan keindahan dirinya.” (Faidul Qodir, 4/275)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Hal yang sama juga dikatakan oleh
Ibnul Jauziy. Beliau mengatakan bahwa makna kasiyatun ‘ariyatun ada tiga makna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wanita yang memakai pakaian tipis,
sehingga nampak bagian dalam tubuhnya. Wanita seperti ini memang memakai
jilbab, namun sebenarnya dia telanjang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wanita yang membuka sebagian
anggota tubuhnya (yang wajib ditutup). Wanita ini sebenarnya telanjang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wanita yang mendapatkan nikmat
Allah, namun kosong dari syukur kepada-Nya. (Kasyful Musykil min Haditsi Ash
Shohihain, 1/1031)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Kesimpulannya adalah kasiyatun
‘ariyat dapat kita maknakan: wanita yang memakai pakaian tipis sehingga nampak
bagian dalam tubuhnya dan wanita yang membuka sebagian aurat yang wajib dia
tutup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Tidakkah Engkau Takut dengan
Ancaman Ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Lihatlah ancaman Nabi shallallahu
‘alaihi wa sallam kepada wanita yang berpakaian tetapi sebenarnya telanjang,
dikatakan oleh beliau shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam, “wanita seperti itu tidak
akan masuk surga dan tidak akan mencium baunya, walaupun baunya tercium selama
perjalanan sekian dan sekian.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Perhatikanlah saudariku, ancaman
ini bukanlah ancaman biasa. Perkara ini bukan perkara sepele. Dosanya bukan
hanya dosa kecil. Lihatlah ancaman Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam di atas.
Wanita seperti ini dikatakan tidak akan masuk surga dan bau surga saja tidak
akan dicium. Tidakkah kita takut dengan ancaman seperti ini?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">An Nawawi rahimahullah menjelaskan
maksud sabda Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam: ‘wanita tersebut tidak akan
masuk surga’. Inti dari penjelasan beliau rahimahullah: Jika wanita tersebut
menghalalkan perbuatan ini yang sebenarnya haram dan dia pun sudah mengetahui
keharaman hal ini, namun masih menganggap halal untuk membuka anggota tubuhnya
yang wajib ditutup (atau menghalalkan memakai pakaian yang tipis), maka wanita
seperti ini kafir, kekal dalam neraka dan dia tidak akan masuk surga selamanya.
Dapat kita maknakan juga bahwa wanita seperti ini tidak akan masuk surga untuk
pertama kalinya. Jika memang dia ahlu tauhid, dia nantinya juga akan masuk
surga. Wallahu Ta’ala a’lam. (Lihat Syarh Muslim, 9/240)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Jika ancaman ini telah jelas, lalu
kenapa sebagian wanita masih membuka auratnya di khalayak ramai dengan memakai
rok hanya setinggi betis? Kenapa mereka begitu senangnya memamerkan paha di
depan orang lain? Kenapa mereka masih senang memperlihatkan rambut yang wajib
ditutupi? Kenapa mereka masih menampakkan telapak kaki yang juga harus ditutupi?
Kenapa pula masih memperlihatkan leher?!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Sadarlah, wahai saudariku!
Bangkitlah dari kemalasanmu! Taatilah Allah dan Rasul-Nya! Mulailah dari
sekarang untuk merubah diri menjadi yang lebih baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Wanita Memakai Konde<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #010101;">Diharamkan bagi wanita memakai
konde, dengan menyambung rambutnya dengan rambut orang lain atau rambut palsu.
Pelakunya mendapatkan laknat, sebagaimana sabda Nabi Shallallahu 'alaihi wa
sallam :</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">لَعَنَ اللهُ الْوَاصِلَةَ وَالْمُسْتَوْصِلَةَ وَالْوَاشِمَةَ
وَالْمُسْتَوْشِمَةَ</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span dir="LTR"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> "Allah melaknat wanita yang menyambung
rambutnya dan yang minta disambung (dengan rambut lain), yang membuat tato dan
yang minta dibuatkan tato". [HR Muslim].</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Sebagian ulama
membolehkan wanita menyambung rambutnya dengan selain rambut manusia. Misalnya,
dengan rambut binatang, benang atau dari serat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> Imam
Al Laits bin Sa’id berkata: “Sesungguhnya larangan menyambung rambut itu khusus
menyambung dengan rambut. Tidak mengapa seorang wanita menyambung rambutnya
dengan wol atau kain”.[Ibnu Hajar Al Asqalani, Fathul Baari (10/375), Imam An
Nawawi, Syarah Shahih Muslim, (14/104)]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Imam Abu Dawud meriwayatkan dari Sa’id
bin Jubair, beliau berkata:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #010101; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">لاَبَأْسَ بِالْقَرَامِلِ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> "Tidak mengapa (menyambung rambut) dengan
qaramil (sejenis tumbuhan yang batangnya sangat lunak)".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fairuz Abadi
berkata,"Sa’id bin Jubair berpendapat, yang dilarang ialah menggunakan
rambut manusia. Adapun bila menyambungnya dengan sobekan kain, atau benang
sutera dan lainnya, maka tidak dilarang.” Al Khaththabi berkata,”Para ulama
memberikan keringanan menggunakan qaramil, karena orang yang melihatnya tidak
ragu, bahwa yang demikian itu palsu (bukan rambutnya yang asli)." [Fairuz
Abadi, ‘Aunul Ma’buud, (11/228-229)]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ibnu Qudamah
berkata,”Yang diharamkan ialah menyambung rambut dengan rambut, karena terdapat
tadlis (unsur penipuan) dan menggunakan sesuatu yang masih diperdebatkan
kenajisannya. Adapun selain itu, maka tidak diharamkan, karena tidak mengandung
makna ini (tadlis dan najis), juga adanya maslahah untuk mempercantik diri
kepada suami dengan tidak mendatangkan madharat (bahaya)."[9]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Namun
berdasarkan keumuman larangan Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam,
sebaiknya seorang wanita tidak melakukan wishal (menyambung rambut). Rasulullah
Shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam bersabda :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">زَجَرَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ تَصِلَ
الْمَرْأَةُ بِرَأْسِهَا شَيْئًا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">"Rasulullah melarang wanita
menyambung rambutnya dengan sesuatu". [HR Muslim].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dari Abu
Hurairah Radhiyallahu 'anhu, Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam bersabda
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">صِنْفَانِ مِنْ أَهْلِ النَّارِ لَمْ أَرَهُمَا قَوْمٌ مَعَهُمْ
سِيَاطٌ كَأَذْنَابِ الْبَقَرِ يَضْرِبُونَ بِهَا النَّاسَ وَنِسَاءٌ كَاسِيَاتٌ
عَارِيَاتٌ مُمِيلَاتٌ مَائِلَاتٌ رُءُوسُهُنَّ كَأَسْنِمَةِ الْبُخْتِ
الْمَائِلَةِ لَا يَدْخُلْنَ الْجَنَّةَ وَلَا يَجِدْنَ رِيحَهَا وَإِنَّ رِيحَهَا
لَيُوجَدُ مِنْ مَسِيرَةِ كَذَا وَكَذَا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> "Dua golongan dari ahli neraka yang tidak
pernah aku lihat: seorang yang membawa cemeti seperti ekor sapi yang dia
memukul orang-orang, dan perempuan yang berpakaian tetapi telanjang,
berlenggok-lenggok, kepalanya bagaikan punuk onta yang bergoyang. Mereka tidak
akan masuk surga dan tidak akan mendapatkan baunya, sekalipun ia bisa didapatkan
sejak perjalanan sekian dan sekian". [HR Muslim].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Imam An </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red;">Nawawi menukil perkataan Imam Al
Qurthubi yang berbunyi: "Rambut mereka diumpamakan seperti punuk onta,
karena mereka mengangkat sanggul rambutnya ke bagian tengah kepalanya untuk
menghias dirinya dan ia berpura-pura melakukan itu agar dianggap memiliki
rambut yang lebat (panjang)"</span></span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.[ Ibnu Hajar Al Asqalani, Fathul Baari
(10/375)]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Seorang wanita tidak perlu merasa
malu dengan rambutnya yang sedikit karena itu bagian dari karunia Allah. Ditambah
lagi, itu juga tidak ada yang melihat, karena ia tutup dengan jilbab
(hijab)nya. Adapun mengikat rambut dengan selain rambut, maka itu
diperbolehkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Al Qadhi ‘Iyadh Al Maliki berkata,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red;">"Adapun mengikat rambut dengan sutera yang diberi warna dan lainnya yang
tidak menyerupai rambut, maka tidaklah dilarang. Karena ia tidak termasuk
wishal (menyambung) dan tidak bertujuan untuk itu. Itu hanya sekedar sebagai
penghias." </span></span><span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">[Imam An Nawawi, Syarah Shahih Muslim, (14/104-105)]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dan inilah yang dimaksud dengan menyambung
rambut yang dibolehkan oleh para ulama di atas. Wallahu a’lam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sumber:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://almanhaj.or.id/content/2778/slash/0/seputar-rambut-atau-bulu-yang-wajib-dibiarkan-dan-tidak-boleh-dihilangkan/"><span style="color: blue;">http://almanhaj.or.id/content/2778/slash/0/seputar-rambut-atau-bulu-yang-wajib-dibiarkan-dan-tidak-boleh-dihilangkan/</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://hijrahdarisyirikdanbidah.blogspot.com/2011/11/hati-hati-jilbab-seperti-punuk-unta.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://hijrahdarisyirikdanbidah.blogspot.com/2011/11/hati-hati-jilbab-seperti-punuk-unta.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://rumaysho.com/belajar-islam/muslimah/1613-wanita-yang-berpakaian-tapi-telanjang-sadarlah.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://rumaysho.com/belajar-islam/muslimah/1613-wanita-yang-berpakaian-tapi-telanjang-sadarlah.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #010101; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-64261742455190525432012-11-30T05:37:00.003-08:002012-11-30T05:37:30.819-08:00Aluna Sagita Gutawa<br />
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Aluna
Sagita Gutawa</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(atau lebih dikenal dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Gita
Gutawa</b>; lahir di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jakarta</span></a></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Agustus" title="11 Agustus"><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">11 Agustus</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993" title="1993"><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1993</span></a></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">; umur 19 tahun) adalah penyanyi remaja<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Indonesia</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">yang memiliki suara</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopran" title="Sopran"><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">sopran</span></a></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Aluna Sagita, yang
namanya bermakna "alunan nada"</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Gutawa#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">adalah seorang penyanyi
belia beragama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Islam</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dan merupakan anak dari
penata musik<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutfi_Andriani" title="Lutfi Andriani">Lutfi
Andriani</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Gutawa" title="Erwin Gutawa"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Erwin Gutawa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.
Mendalami musik sejak kelas 2 SD, Gita yang memiliki karakter suara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopran" title="Sopran">sopran</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mampu membawakan lagu ber-genre pop
klasik dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_pitch&action=edit&redlink=1" title="High pitch (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">high pitch</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">-nya. Sebelum
meluncurkan album self-titled-nya, Gita Gutawa terkenal sebagai penyanyi cilik
yang berduet dengan vokalis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADA_Band" title="ADA Band"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ADA Band</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Sibarani" title="Donnie Sibarani"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dony ‘ADA Band’</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dengan lagu "Yang
Terbaik Bagimu (Jangan Lupakan Ayah)". Lagu ini menjadi hits dalam album<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Heaven of Love</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan sukses terjual sebanyak lebih dari
850 ribu kopi membawa Donny dan Gita sebagai nominasi Duet Terbaik Kategori Pop<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMI_Awards" title="AMI Awards"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">AMI Awards</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Gita
mengakui keterlibatannya dalam dunia rekaman berawal dari ketidaksengajaan.
Dalam wawancaranya dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The Jakarta Post</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Gutawa#cite_note-2"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,
Gita bercerita bahwa suatu sore di tahun 2004, dia didatangi oleh manajer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADA_Band" title="ADA Band"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ADA Band</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">sehabis berlatih menyanyi
di sekolah vokalnya. Kebetulan, studio rekaman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADA_Band" title="ADA Band"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ADA Band</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">tepat berada di sebelah
sekolah vokal Gita, dan sang manajer tertarik saat tak sengaja mendengar Gita
menyanyi. Bahkan, akunya, si manajer sama sekali tidak mengetahui bahwa ia
adalah anak dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Gutawa" title="Erwin Gutawa"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Erwin Gutawa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.
Dari situlah Gita<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ditawari
berduet dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADA_Band" title="ADA Band"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ADA Band</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dalam lagu "Yang
Terbaik Bagimu". Tahun 2007, di usianya ke-13, Gita ditawari untuk
bergabung dengan SonyBMG Music dan merilis album perdananya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembang_Perawan" title="Kembang Perawan">Gita
Gutawa: Kembang Perawan</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dalam
album tersebut Gita yang mengaku tak mau mendompleng kebesaran nama ayahnya itu
membawakan salah satu lagu karya</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Silaban&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sarah Silaban (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sarah Silaban</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,
bersama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andi_Rianto" title="Andi Rianto">Andi Rianto</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink-Pink&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pink-Pink (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pink-Pink</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Penjualan album
gadis yang laris sebagai bintang model iklan itu berhasil meraih Platinum
Awards dengan mencapai penjualan lebih dari 150 ribu kopi dalam 4 bulan saja.
Hal itu kemudian mengantarkan dirinya sebagai Penyanyi Pendatang Baru Terbaik
dan Album Terbaik AMI Award 2008. Gadis yang baru saja meraih juara umum pada
the 6th International Nile Children Song Festival (INCSF) di Cairo, Mesir itu,
juga menjajal dunia akting lewat sinetron pendek<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajari_Aku_Cinta" title="Ajari Aku Cinta">Ajari
Aku Cinta</a>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajari_Lagi_Aku_Cinta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ajari Lagi Aku Cinta (halaman belum tersedia)">Ajari Lagi Aku Cinta</a>.
Meski banyak tawaran, Gita yang masih sibuk sekolah ini tidak banyak
mengembangkan bakatnya di dunia akting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Gita
sejak kelas 2 SD mulai belajar piano klasik di Yayasan Musik Jakarta dan kini
memperkuat ilmu musiknya dengan mempelajari piano jazz dan gitar akustik. Tidak
hanya itu, agar vocal Gita terasah dan mantap, dia berguru di bawah asuhan Aida
Swenchen (di PSAI) dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_Leimena" title="Catharina Leimena"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Catharina Leimena</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.
Gita yang juga banyak memiliki prestasi di bidang akademis itu, pernah duet
dengan Donny, vokalis ADA Band dalam lagu Yang Terbaik Bagimu. Selain itu juga
pernah berduet dengan penyanyi sholawat Hadad Alwi, dalam album Jalan Cinta 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Berkat
suara soprannya, Gita didapuk membawakan soundtrack film. Di antaranya adalah
soundtrack untuk film<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Love (film) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Love</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dan film fenomenal,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskar_Pelangi_(film)" title="Laskar Pelangi (film)">Laskar Pelangi</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pelantun
single Yang Terbaik Bagimu bersama Ada Band juga laris membintangi berbagai
iklan, di antaranya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomie" title="Indomie">Indomie</a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walls&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Walls (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Es Krim Wall's Conello</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pond%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pond's (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pond's</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Sukses album
terdahulu, pada 2009 Gita bakal meluncurkan album teranyarnya,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmoni_Cinta" title="Harmoni Cinta">Harmoni
Cinta</a>. Di album ini, Gita banyak terlibat di dalamnya, dengan warna musik
yang lebih bervariasi. Bahkan album dengan 12 lagu, bakal ada satu lagu ciptaan
Gita, yakni yang berjudul Ayo (Come On). Di album ini edar pada April 2009 ini,
Gita juga berkolaborasi dengan musisi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Estianty" title="Maia Estianty"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Maia Ahmad</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tak
hanya mahir berakting di depan layar kaca, namun Gita kini melebarkan sayapnya
dengan berakting di belakang layar. Ia dipercaya menjadi pengisi suara dalam
film animasi pertama di Indonesia,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meraih_Mimpi" title="Meraih Mimpi">Meraih
Mimpi</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>karya produser<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nia_Dinata" title="Nia Dinata">Nia Dinata</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pertengahan
Agustus 2009, Gita meluncurkan buku pertamanya,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotak_Musik_Gita&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kotak Musik Gita (halaman belum tersedia)">Kotak Musik Gita</a>. Meski
tidak menulis sendiri, namun Gita ingin berbagi pengalamannya selama menggeluti
dunia musik dengan para penggemarnya. Dari berakting di depan layar kaca, kini
Gita mulai merambah dunia layar lebar. Akhir 2009, ia mulai syuting film<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_Perth" title="Love in Perth"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Love in Perth</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pada
25 Februari 2010, Gita menampilkan konser tunggalnya yang bertajuk Kotak Musik
Gita. Di sini, sang ayah,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Gutawa" title="Erwin Gutawa"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Erwin Gutawa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">bertindak
sebagai produser konser. Konser tunggal pertamanya ini mendulang sukses, baik
dari penjualan tiketnya yang langsung ludes 1 minggu sebelum hari-H, maupun
acaranya. Tata panggung, efek visual dan efek suaranya benar-benar dipersiapkan
dengan sangat matang. Begitu pula performa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Gita Gutawa</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan permainan panggung para penari
latar, serta band-nya. Jumat, 13 Agustus<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Gita Gutawa</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merilis album ketiganya: Balada
Shalawat, sekaligus mengadakan syukuran atas keberhasilannya mempertahankan
gelar juara umum kelas-3 SMA Bina Nusantara, dan bersyukur atas hari jadinya
yang ke-17 tanggal 11 Agustus 2010. Gita mengajak anak-anak yatim dari panti
asuhan Bunda Maryam, dan tentu tak kalah serunya, para member<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GitaLovers_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" title="GitaLovers Community (halaman belum tersedia)">GitaLovers Community</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang dipimpin oleh Anggid Suleman
sebagai ketua umumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendidikan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1996–1999: TK <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakti_Mulya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bakti Mulya (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bakti Mulya</span></a>, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jakarta</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1999–2005: SD <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakti_Mulya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bakti Mulya (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bakti Mulya</span></a>, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jakarta</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2005–2008: SMP </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Izhar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Al-Izhar (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Al-Izhar</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pondok_Labu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pondok Labu (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pondok Labu</span></a>, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jakarta</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2008–2011: SMA <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bina_Nusantara" title="Bina Nusantara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bina Nusantara</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simprug&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Simprug (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Simprug</span></a>, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jakarta</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011-sekarang: </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Birmingham&action=edit&redlink=1" title="University of Birmingham (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">University of Birmingham</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Inggris</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskografi</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">album<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 6.8pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Posisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Angka Penjualan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sertifikat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2007</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembang_Perawan" title="Kembang Perawan"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kembang
Perawan</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">375.000 kopi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quadruple Platinum (4x
Platinum)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2009</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmoni_Cinta" title="Harmoni Cinta"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Harmoni
Cinta</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">150.000 kopi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
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<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Double Platinum (2x Platinum)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2010</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada_Shalawat" title="Balada Shalawat"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Balada
Shalawat</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Album soundtrack</span></i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/OST_Love" title="OST Love"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">OST Love</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/OST_Laskar_Pelangi" title="OST Laskar Pelangi"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">OST Laskar Pelangi</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OST_Meraih_Mimpi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="OST Meraih Mimpi (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">OST Meraih Mimpi</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2009)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OST_Love_in_Perth&action=edit&redlink=1" title="OST Love in Perth (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">OST Love in Perth</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jingle<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dua Hati Menjadi Satu, Es Krim Conello </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indonesia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan Cornetto </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Malaysia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> & </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Brunei</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Wall's Unilever, featuring <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafi_Sabri" title="Dafi Sabri"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dafi</span></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saatnya Silahturahmi, IM3, Indosat, featuring <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saykoji" title="Saykoji"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Saykoji</span></a> (video
klip oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierra" title="Vierra"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vierra</span></a>)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghemat Listrik, PLN, <i>featuring</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Febrian" title="Rio Febrian"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rio Febrian</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LOVE, Toyota Avanza, <i>featuring</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Romero" title="Derby Romero"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Derby Romero</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Main-Mainan, Kidzania, <i>featuring</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dian_Sastrowardoyo" title="Dian Sastrowardoyo"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dian Sastrowardoyo</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panas Dalam, Segar Dingin, <i>featuring</i> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta_Laura" title="Cinta Laura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cinta Laura</span></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri yang Terbaik untuk Keluarga, Toyota Kijang
Innova, <i>featuring</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Olivia" title="Chelsea Olivia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chelsea Olivia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezky_Aditya" title="Rezky Aditya"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rezky Aditya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Estianty" title="Maia Estianty"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Maia Estianty</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulan_Guritno" title="Wulan Guritno"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wulan Guritno</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air Asia Tiket yang Murah, <i>featuring</i> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Fals" title="Iwan Fals"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Iwan Fals</span></a>,</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierra" title="Vierra"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vierra</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomie" title="Indomie"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indomie</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Seleraku, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomie" title="Indomie"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indomie</span></a> Mi
Instan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ahh Sensasinya, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richoco_Ahh&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Richoco Ahh (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Richoco Ahh</span></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berlangganan Indovision yuk Bukan Yang Lain <i>featuring</i> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora_Sudiro" title="Tora Sudiro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tora Sudiro</span></a>, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shireen_Sungkar" title="Shireen Sungkar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Shireen
Sungkar</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantowi_Yahya" title="Tantowi Yahya"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tantowi Yahya</span></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dangerously Amazing All New Chevrolet Spark, <i>featuring</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Rocks" title="J-Rocks"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">J-Rocks</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biskuit Roma Enaak, <i>featuring</i> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcell_Siahaan" title="Marcell Siahaan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Marcell
Siahaan</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shireen_Sungkar" title="Shireen Sungkar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Shireen Sungkar</span></a>, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naysila_Mirdad" title="Naysila Mirdad"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Naysila Mirdad</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Teguh" title="Mario Teguh"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mario Teguh</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Irit Bensin Dong, Mitsubishi Maven, <i>featuring</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Hehanussa" title="Andre Hehanussa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Andre
Hehanussa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierra" title="Vierra"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vierra</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Bukopin" title="Bank Bukopin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bank Bukopin</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sensasi Prestasi, </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Bukopin" title="Bank Bukopin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bank Bukopin</span></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prestasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tahun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Penghargaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kategori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Catatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2007</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCTV_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SCTV Award (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">SCTV Award</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Penyanyi Ngetop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2008</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">International Nile
Child Song Festival<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Grand Prize<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2008</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCTV_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SCTV Award (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">SCTV Award</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Album Terbaik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2008</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMI_Awards" title="AMI Awards"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">AMI Awards</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Artis Pendatang Baru
Terbaik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; height: 35.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2008</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMI_Awards" title="AMI Awards"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">AMI Awards</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Album Terbaik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; height: 35.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2009</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Kids_Choice_Awards" title="Indonesia Kids Choice Awards"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Indonesia Kids Choice Awards</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Penyanyi Wanita
Terfavorit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; height: 36.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" title="2010"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2010</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Kids_Choice_Awards" title="Indonesia Kids Choice Awards"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Indonesia Kids Choice Awards</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Penyanyi Wanita
Terfavorit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Filmografi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meraih_Mimpi" title="Meraih Mimpi"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Meraih Mimpi</span></i></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2009) - Pengisi suara
Dana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengantin_Cinta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pengantin Cinta (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pengantin Cinta</span></i></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2010) - Pengisi suara
Mona<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_Perth" title="Love in Perth"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Love in Perth</span></i></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2010) - Berperan sebagai
Lola<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semusim_Ini&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Semusim Ini (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Semusim Ini</span></i></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2012) - Pengisi Suara
Shanty dan Reza<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">FTV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ajari Aku Cinta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ajari Lagi Aku Cinta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Iklan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Indomie (2007-2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kornet_So_Good&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kornet So Good (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kornet So Good</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2007)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sozzis_So_Good&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sozzis So Good (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sozzis So Good</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2007)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silkygirl&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Silkygirl (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Silkygirl</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2010) bersama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafi" title="Dafi">Dafi</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Bukopin" title="Bank Bukopin"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bank Bukopin</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walls_(es_krim)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Walls (es krim) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Walls</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Conello (2008) bersama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafi_Sabri" title="Dafi Sabri"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dafi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pond%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pond's (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pond's</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2008) bersama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_Mini" title="Cut Mini"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Cut Mini</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Dewi" title="Sandra Dewi"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sandra Dewi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_Fruity&action=edit&redlink=1" title="She Fruity (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">She Fruity</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2008-2009)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_Deo&action=edit&redlink=1" title="She Deo (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">She Deo</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2009)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">IM3<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosat" title="Indosat">Indosat</a> :
Saatnya Silahturahmi (2009) bersama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierra" title="Vierra">Vierra</a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saykoji" title="Saykoji"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Saykoji</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">IM3<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosat" title="Indosat">Indosat</a> :
Murah Itu IM3 (2009) bersama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan_Syah_Reza" title="Afgan Syah Reza">Afgan</a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saykoji" title="Saykoji">Saykoji</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boneeto&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Boneeto (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Boneeto</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">{2010-2011)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-53272088327589265192012-11-30T05:06:00.000-08:002012-11-30T05:08:39.188-08:00REFORMASI<br />
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting';"><span style="font-size: 29px;">REFORMASI</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reformasi merupakan suatu gerakan yang menghendaki
adanya perubahan kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara ke arah yang
lebih baik secara konstitusional.Artinya, adanya perubahan kehidupan dalam
bidang politik, ekonomi, hukum, sosial, dan budaya yang lebih baik, demokratis
berdasarkan prinsip kebebasan, persamaan, dan persaudaraan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gerakan reformasi lahir sebagai jawaban atas krisis
yang melanda berbagai segi kehidupan.Krisis politik, ekonomi, hukum, dan krisis
sosial merupakan faktor yang mendorong lahirnya gerakan reformasi.Bahkan,
krisis kepercayaan telah menjadi salah satu indikator yang menentukan.Reformasi
dipandang sebagai gerakan yang tidak boleh ditawar-tawar lagi dan karena itu,
hampir seluruh rakyat Indonesia mendukung sepenuhnya gerakan reformasi
tersebut.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan semangat reformasi, rakyat Indonesia
menghendaki adanya pergantian kepemimpinan nasional sebagai langkah awal menuju
terwujudnya masyarakat yang adil dan makmur.Pergantian kepemimpinan nasional
diharapkan dapat memperbaiki kehidupan politik, ekonomi, hukum, sosial, dan
budaya.Indoenesia harus dipimpin oleh orang yang memiliki kepedulian terhadap kesulitan
dan penderitaan rakyat.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dalam makalah ini kami akan membahas tentang Reformasi di
Indonesia.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Sejarah
Awal Lahirnya Reformasi</b></span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reformasi merupakan suatu perubahan </span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atatan kehidupan lama </span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ca</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tatanan kehidupan baru yang lebih baik.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eformasi yang terjadi di Indonesia pada tahun 1998
merupakan suatu gerakan yang bertujuan untuk melakukan perubahan dan pembaruan,
terutama perbaikan tatanan kehidupan dalam bidang politik, ekonomi, hukum, dan
sosial.
Dengan demikian, reformasi telah memiliki formulasi atau gagasan tentang
tatanan kehidupan baru menuju terwujudnya Indonesia baru.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persoalan pokok yang mendorong atau menyebabkan
lahirnya reformasi adalah kesulitan warga masyarakat dalam memenuhi kebutuhan
pokok. Harga-harga sembilan bahan pokok (sembako), seperti beras, terigu,
minyak goreng, minyak tanah, gula, susu, telur, ikan kering, dan garam
mengalami kenaikan yang tinggi. Bahkan, warga masyarakat harus antri untuk
membeli sembako itu.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sementara, situasi politik dan kondisi ekonomi
Indonesia semakin tidak menentu dan tidak terkendali. Harapan masyarakat akan
perbaikan politik dan ekonomi semakin jauh dari kenyataan. Keadaan itu
menyebabkan masyarakat Indonesia semakin kritis dan tidak percaya terhadap
pemerintahan Orde Baru.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintahan Orde Baru dinilai tidak mampu menciptakan
kehidupan masyarakat yang adil dalam kemakmuran dan makmur dalam keadilan
berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945.Oleh karena itu, tujuan lahirnya reformasi
adalah untuk memperbaiki tatanan kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan
bernegara.Kesulitan masyarakat dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pokok merupakan faktor
atau penyebab utama lahirnya gerakan reformasi.Pemerintahan Orde Baru yang
dipimpin Presiden Suharto selama 32 tahun, ternyata tidak konsisten dan konsekuen
dalam melaksanakan cita-cita Orde Baru.Pada
awal kelahirannya tahun 1966, Orde Baru bertekad untuk menata kehidupan
bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun dalam pelaksanaannya, pemerintahan Orde Baru
banyak melakukan penyimpangan terhadap nilai-nilai Pancasila dan
ketentuan-ketentuan yang tertuang dalam UUD 1945 yang sangat merugikan rakyat
kecil.Bahkan, Pancasila dan UUD 1945 hanya dijadikan legitimasi untuk
mempertahankan kekuasaan. Penyimpangan-penyimpangan itu melahirkan krisis multidimensional
yang menjadi penyebab umum lahirnya gerakan reformasi, seperti berikut ini:</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Krisis
politik</b></span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Krisis politik yang terjadi pada tahun 1998 merupakan
puncak dari berbagai kebijakan politik pemerintahan Orde Baru.Berbagai
kebijakan politik yang dikeluarkan pemerintahan Orde Baru selalu dengan alasan
dalam kerangka pelaksanaan demokrasi Pancasila.Namun yang sebenarnya terjadi
adalah dalam rangka mempertahankan kekuasaan Presiden Suharto dan
kroni-kroninya.Artinya, demokrasi yang dilaksanakan pemerintahan Orde Baru
bukan demokrasi yang semestinya, melainkan demokrasi rekayasa.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan demikian, yang terjadi bukan demokrasi yang
berarti dari</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> rakyat,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oleh</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> rakyat</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan untuk rakyat, melainkan demokrasi yang berarti
dari</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penguasa</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
oleh</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penguasa</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
dan untuk penguasa.Pada masa Orde Baru, kehidupan politik sangat represif,
yaitu adanya tekanan yang kuat dari pemerintah terhadap pihak oposisi atau
orang-orang yang berpikir kritis. Ciri-ciri kehidupan politik yang represif, di
antaranya:</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap orang atau kelompok yang mengkritik kebijakan
pemerintah dituduh sebagai tindakan subversif (menentang Negara Kesatuan
Republik Indonesia).</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelaksanaan Lima Paket UU Politik yang melahirkan
demokrasi semu atau demokrasi rekayasa.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadinya korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme (KKN) yang
merajalela dan masyarakat tidak memiliki kebebasan untuk mengontrolnya.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Pelaksanaan Dwi Fungsi ABRI yang memasung kebebasan
setiap warga negara (sipil) untuk ikut berpartisipasi dalam pemerintahan.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terciptanya masa kekuasaan presiden yang tak terbatas.
Meskipun Suharto dipilih menjadi presiden melalui Sidang Umum MPR,
tetapipemilihan itu merupakan hasil rekayasa dan tidak demokratis.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Krisis hukum</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rekayasa-rekayasa yang dibangun pemerintahan Orde Baru
tidak terbatas pada bidang politik.Dalam bidang hukumpun, pemerintah melakukan
intervensi.Artinya, kekuasaan peradilan harus dilaksanakan untuk melayani
kepentingan para penguasa dan bukan untuk melayani masyarakat dengan penuh
keadilan.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahkan, hukum sering dijadikan alat pembenaran para
penguasa.Kenyataan itu bertentangan dengan ketentuan pasa 24 UUD 1945 yanf
menyatakan bahwa‘kehakiman memiliki kekuasaan yang merdeka dan terlepas dari
kekuasaan pemerintah (eksekutif)’.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Krisis ekonomi</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Krisis moneter yang melanda negara-negara Asia
Tenggara sejak Juli 1996 mempengaruhi perkembangan perekonomian
Indonesia.Ternyata, ekonomi Indonesia tidak mampu menghadapi krisis global yang
melanda dunia.Krisis ekonomi Indonesia diawali dengan melemahnya nilai tukar
rupiah terhadap dollar Amerika Serikat.Pada tanggal 1 Agustus 1997, nilai tukar
rupiah turun dari Rp 2,575.00 menjadi Rp 2,603.00 per dollar Amerika Serikat.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bulan Desember 1997, nilai tukar rupiah terhadap
dollar Amerika Serikat turun menjadi Rp 5,000.00 per dollar. Bahkan, pada bulan
Maret 1998, nilai tukar rupiah terus melemah dan mencapai titik terendah, yaitu
Rp 16,000.00 per dollar Krisis ekonomi yang melanda Indonesia tidak dapat
dipisahkan dari berbagai kondisi, seperti:</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hutang luar negeri</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Indonesia yang sangat besar menjadi penyebab
terjadinya krisis ekonomi. Meskipun, hutang itu bukan sepenuhnya hutang negara,
tetapi sangat besar pengaruhnya terhadap upaya-upaya untuk mengatasi krisis
ekonomi.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Industrialisasi, pemerintah Orde Baru ingin menjadikan
negara RI sebagai negara industri. Keinginan itu tidak sesuai dengan kondisi
nyata masyarakat Indonesia.Masyarakat Indonesia merupakan sebuah masyarakat
agraris dengan tingkat pendidikan yang sangat rendah (rata-rata).</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintahan Sentralistik</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pemerintahan Orde Baru sangat sentralistik sifatnya
sehingga semua kebijakan ditentukan dari Jakarta. Oleh karena itu, peranan
pemerintah pusat sangat menentukan dan pemerintah daerah hanya sebagai
kepanjangan tangan pemerintah pusat.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Krisis sosial</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Krisis politik, hukum, dan ekonomi merupakan penyebab
terjadinya krisis sosial.Pelaksanaan politik yang represif dan tidak demokratis
menyebabkan terjadinya konflik politik maupun konflik antar etnis dan
agama.Semua itu berakhir pada meletusnya berbagai kerusuhan di beberapa daerah.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketimpangan perekonomian Indonesia memberikan
sumbangan terbesar terhadap krisis sosial.Pengangguran, persediaan sembako yang
terbatas, tingginya harga-harga sembako, rendahnya daya beli masyarakat
merupakan faktor-faktor yang rentan terhadap krisis sosial.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Krisis kepercayaan</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Krisis multidimensional yang melanda bangsa Indonesia
telah mengurangi kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap kepemimpinan Presiden
Suharto.Ketidakmampuan pemerintah dalam membangun kehidupan politik yang
demokratis, menegakkan pelaksanaan hukum dan sistem peradilan, dan pelaksanaan
pembangunan ekonomi yang berpihak kepada rakyat banyak telah melahirkan krisis
kepercayaan.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kronologi Peristiwa Reformasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara garis besar, kronologi gerakan reformasi dapat
dipaparkan sebagai berikut:</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Sidang Umum MPR (Maret 1998) memilih Suharto dan
B.J. Habibie sebagai Presiden dan Wakil Presiden RI untuk masa jabatan
1998-2003. Presiden Suharto membentuk dan melantik Kabinet Pembangunan VII.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Pada bulan Mei 1998, para mahasiswa dari berbagai
daerah mulai bergerak menggelar demonstrasi dan aksi keprihatinan yang menuntut
penurunan harga barang-barang kebutuhan (sembako), penghapusan KKN, dan
mundurnya Suharto dari kursi kepresidenan.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Pada tanggal 12 Mei 1998, dalam aksi unjuk rasa
mahasiswa Universitas Trisakti Jakarta telah terjadi bentrokan dengan aparat
keamanan yang menyebabkan empat orang mahasiswa (Elang Mulia Lesmana, Hery
Hartanto, Hafidhin A. Royan, dan Hendriawan Sie) tertembak hingga tewas dan
puluhan mahasiswa lainnya mengalami luka-luka. Kematian empat mahasiswa tersebut
mengobarkan semangat para mahasiswa dan kalangan kampus untuk menggelar
demonstrasi secara besar-besaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Pada tanggal 13-14 Mei 1998, di Jakarta dan
sekitarnya terjadi kerusuhan massal dan penjarahan sehingga kegiatan masyarakat
mengalami kelumpuhan. Dalam peristiwa itu, puluhan toko dibakar dan isinya
dijarah, bahkan ratusan orang mati terbakar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Pada tanggal 19 Mei 1998, para mahasiswa dari
berbagai perguruan tinggi di Jakarta dan sekitarnya berhasil menduduki gedung
MPR/DPR.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat yang bersamaan, tidak kurang dari satu juta
manusia berkumpul di alun</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alun utara Keraton
Yogyakarta untuk menghadiri pisowanan agung, guna mendengarkan maklumat dari
Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X dan Sri Paku Alam VII.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f. Pada tanggal 19 Mei 1998, Harmoko sebagai pimpinan
MPR/DPR mengeluarkan pernyataan berisi ‘anjuran agar Presiden Suharto
mengundurkan diri’.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g. Pada tanggal 20 Mei 1998, Presiden Suharto
mengundang tokoh-tokoh agama dan tokoh-tokoh masyarakat untuk dimintai
pertimbangan dalam rangka membentuk Dewan Reformasi yang akan diketuai oleh
Presiden Suharto.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h. Pada tanggal 21 Mei 1998, pukul 10.00 di Istana
Negara, Presiden Suharto meletakkan jabatannya sebagai Presiden RI di hadapan
Ketua dan beberapa anggota Mahkamah Agung. Berdasarkan pasal 8 UUD 1945,
kemudian Suharto menyerahkan jabatannya kepada Wakil Presiden B.J. Habibie
sebagai Presiden RI.Pada waktu itu juga B.J. Habibie dilantik menjadi Presiden
RI oleh Ketua MA.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demonstrasi bertambah gencar dilaksanakan oleh para
mahasiswa, terutama setelah pemerintah mengumumkan kenaikan harga BBM dan
ongkos angkutan pada tanggal 4 Mei 1998.Agenda reformasi yang menjadi tuntutan
para mahasiswa mencakup beberapa tuntutan, seperti:</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Adili Suharto dan kroni-kroninya,</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Laksanakan amandemen UUD 1945,</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Penghapusan Dwi Fungsi ABRI,</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Pelaksanaan otonomi daerah yang seluasluasnya,</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Tegakkan supremasi hukum,</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Ciptakan pemerintahan yang bersih dari KKN.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. Kebijakaan Dan Kepemimpinan
Presiden Habibie, Gus Dur, Megawti, Dan Susilo Bambang Yudhayono</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Presiden Prof. Dr.
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal 21 Mei 1998,
ProfDr. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, terpilih menjadi Presiden ke 3 Indonesia,
dalam waktu singkat masa pemerintahannya, B J Habibie menunjukan prestasi
kerjanya yang sangat menakjubkan. Berhasil menyelamatkan krisis moneter dan
melengkapi lahirnya Bank Mu’amalah pada masa Presiden Soeharto, dengan
ditambahkan Bank Syariah. Hal ini sebagai pertanda Presiden Prof. Dr.
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, tidak dapat diragukan juga kedekatannya
dengan Ulama dan Santri, apalagi sebagai pendiri Ikatan Cendikiawan Muslim
Se-Indonesia, ICMI yang pertama di Malang.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Keberhasilan
menciptakan Pesawat CN 35 yang mampu melakukan <i>short take off and
landing</i>, hanya 400 meter, merupakan prestasi tanpa tanding, di kelasnya di
dunia. Diikuti dengan penciptaan Air Bus 600 yang tercepat di dunia. Selain itu
juga, telah merancang pesawat terbang yang tercepat di dunia, diumumkan oleh B.J.
Habibie sejak awal pembentukan ICMI di Malang, suatu pesawat sipil dengan
kecepatan jarak Jakarta NewYork hanya empat jam. Tentu, prestasi ini
sangat mencemaskan eksistensi negara industri pesawat terbang, terutama dari
negara adikuasa Barat. Sampai kini, pesawat produk dari Barat sekalipun, jarak
Jakarta – Jeddah ditempuh selama delapan jam.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tambahan lagi, di
bidang persenjataan, PINDAD yang dipimpin oleh Presiden Prof. Dr. B.J Habibie,
mampu menciptakan senjata yang mempunyai jarak tembak 1.000 meter dan sangat
akurat. Senjata produk barat, hanya mampu 750 meter jarak tembaknya. Senjata
produk PINDAD melampaui produk pabrik senjata dari Barat.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pribadi
Presiden Prof. Dr. B.J Habibie dengan kemampuan teknologinya yang
tinggi prestasinya, belum pernah dimiliki oleh seorangpun dari Presiden Amerika
Serikat Walaupun telah merdeka sejak 1775 hingga 2008 M dan terjadi pergantian
86 Presiden. Demikian pula negara barat lainnya, tidak mempunyai seorangpun
Kepala Negarayang memiliki kemampuan menciptakan teknologi pesawat terbang
baru. Andaikata rancangan pesawatnya dapat terwujud maka Indonesia akan menjadi
negara yang memiliki kekuatan dirgantara yang luar biasa.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika Habibie mengganti
Soeharto sebagai presiden tanggal 21 Mei 1998, ada lima isu terbesar yang harus
dihadapinya, yaitu:</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. masa depan Reformasi;</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. masa depan ABRI;</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. masa depan
daerah-daerah yang ingin memisahkan diri dari Indonesia;</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. masa depan Soeharto,
keluarganya, kekayaannya dan kroni-kroninya; serta</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. masa depan
perekonomian dan kesejahteraan rakyat.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut ini beberapa
kebijakan yang berhasil dikeluarkan B.J. Habibie dalam rangka menanggapi
tuntutan reformasi dari masyarakat.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Kebijakan dalam bidang
politik Reformasi dalam bidang politik berhasil mengganti lima paket
undang-undang masa Orde Baru dengan tiga undang-undang politik yang lebih
demokratis. Berikut ini tiga undang-undang tersebut.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. UU No. 2 Tahun 1999
tentang Partai Politik.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. UU No. 3 Tahun 1999
tentang Pemilihan Umum.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. UU No. 4 Tahun 1999
tentang Susunan dan Kedudukan DPR/MPR.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Kebijakan dalam bidang
ekonomi Untuk memperbaiki perekonomian yang terpuruk, terutama dalam sektor
perbankan, pemerintah membentuk Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN).
Selanjutnya pemerintah mengeluarkan UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan
Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Tidak Sehat, serta UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang
Perlindungan Konsumen.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Kebebasan menyampaikan
pendapat dan pers Kebebasan menyampaikan pendapat dalam masyarakat mulai
terangkat kembali. Hal ini terlihat dari munculnya partai-partai politik dari
berbagai golongan dan ideologi. Masyarakat bisa menyampaikan kritik secara
terbuka kepada pemerintah. Di samping kebebasan dalam menyatakan pendapat,
kebebasan juga diberikan kepada pers. Reformasi dalam pers dilakukan dengan
cara menyederhanakan permohonan Surat Izin Usaha Penerbitan (SIUP).</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Pelaksanaan Pemilu
Pada masa pemerintahan Habibie, berhasil diselenggarakan pemilu multipartai
yang damai dan pemilihan presiden yang demokratis. Pemilu tersebut diikuti oleh
48 partai politik. Keberhasilan lain masa pemerintahan Habibie adalah
penyelesaian masalah Timor Timur. Usaha Fretilin yang memisahkan diri dari
Indonesia mendapat respon. Pemerintah Habibie mengambil kebijakan untuk
melakukan jajak pendapat di Timor Timur. Referendum tersebut dilaksanakan pada
tanggal 30 Agustus 1999 di bawah pengawasan UNAMET. Hasil jajak pendapat
tersebut menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas rakyat Timor Timur lepas dari Indonesia.
Sejak saat itu Timor Timur lepas dari Indonesia. Pada tanggal 20 Mei 2002 Timor
Timur mendapat kemerdekaan penuh dengan nama Republik Demokratik Timor Leste
dengan presidennya yang pertama Xanana Gusmao dari Partai Fretilin.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>K.H.
Abdurrahman Wahid</b></span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apalagi dibawah pimpinan
K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid, 23 Oktober 1999, Sabtu Legi, 13 Rajab 1420, hingga 22
Juli 2001, Ahad Wage, 1 Jumadi Awal 1422, terjadi goncangan situasi nasional di
berbagai bidang, tak dpat dielakan. Dampaknya, masa pemerintahan Presiden K.H.
Abdurrahman Wahid sangat pendek.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada pemilu yang
diselenggarakan pada 1999 (lihat: Pemilu 1999), partai PDI-P pimpinan Megawati
Soekarnoputri berhasil meraih suara terbanyak (sekitar 35%). Tetapi karena
jabatan presiden masih dipilih oleh MPR saat itu, Megawati tidak secara
langsung menjadi presiden. Abdurrahman Wahid, pemimpin PKB, partai dengan suara
terbanyak kedua saat itu, terpilih kemudian sebagai presiden Indonesia ke-4.
Megawati sendiri dipilih Gus Dur sebagai wakil presiden. Masa pemerintahan
Abdurrahman Wahid diwarnai dengan gerakan-gerakan separatisme yang makin
berkembang di Aceh, Maluku dan Papua. Selain itu, banyak kebijakan Abdurrahman
Wahid yang ditentang oleh MPR/DPR.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain itu, di bawah
Presiden K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid, dalam upayanya menarik kembali wiraniagawan
Cina yang eksodus dari Indonesia, dengan cara menghidupkan kembali Kong Fu Tsu.
Dengan cara ini, diharapkan proses pembauran Bangsa atau hubungan etnis Cina –
Non-Pribumi dengan etnis Indonesia – Pribumi lainnya, akan semakin akrab.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IAIN di ubah menjadi UIN
dengan membuka fakultas dan jurursan yang sama dengan fakultas dan jurusan yang
dikelola oleh perguruan tinggi dari Diknas. Dengan demikian, alumni pendidikan
yang diselenggarakan Departemen Agama, dapat bekerja ke departemen manapun.
Institut Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan IKIP berubah menjadi Universitas Pendidikan
Indonesia – UPI.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain itu, kepolisian
tidak lagi menjadi satu kesatuan dengan ABRI. Kepolisian bertanggung jawab atas
keamanan dalam negeri Indonesia. Kementrian penerangan dan kementrian sosial
ditiadakan. Sedangkan Departemen Agama yang pernah diusulkan oleh Rasuna Said
dari kelompok komunis Tan Malaka, agar dibubarkan, tetap dipertahankan oleh
Presiden K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid. Barangkali karena eksistensi Departemen Agama
secara historis dirintis awalnya oleh ayahnya, Wachid Hasjim.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada 29 Januari 2001,
ribuan demonstran berkumpul di Gedung MPR dan meminta Gus Dur untuk
mengundurkan diri dengan tuduhan korupsi. Di bawah tekanan yang besar,
Abdurrahman Wahid lalu mengumumkan pemindahan kekuasaan kepada wakil presiden
Megawati Soekarnoputri.Melalui Sidang Istimewa MPR pada 23 Juli 2001, Megawati
secara resmi diumumkan menjadi Presiden Indonesia ke-5.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Presiden
Megawati Soekarnopoetri</b></span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembaharuan yang
dilaksanakan secara drastis, menimbulkan kesulitan yang besar. Berakhirlah masa
kepresidenan K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid. Akhirnya, sidang DPR-MPR memutuskan,
mengangkat Wakil Presiden Megawati menjadi presiden, 23 Juli 2001.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebijakan Presiden
Megawati diantaranya:</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Memilih
dan Menetapkan</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditempuh dengan
meningkatkan kerukunan antar elemen bangsa dan menjaga persatuan dan kesatuan.
Upaya ini terganggu karena peristiwa Bom Bali yang mengakibatkan kepercayaan
dunia internasional berkurang.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Membangun
tatanan politik yang baru</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diwujudkan dengan
dikeluarkannya UU tentang pemilu, susunan dan kedudukan MPR/DPR, dan pemilihan
presiden dan wapres.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Menjaga
keutuhan NKRI</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap usaha yang
mengancam keutuhan NKRI ditindak tegas seperti kasus Aceh, Ambon, Papua, Poso.
Hal tersebut diberikan perhatian khusus karena peristiwa lepasnya Timor Timur
dari RI.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Melanjutkan
amandemen UUD 1945</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilakukan agar lebih
sesuai dengan dinamika dan perkembangan zaman.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Meluruskan
otonomi daerah</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluarnya UU tentang
otonomi daerah menimbulkan penafsiran yang berbeda tentang pelaksanaan otonomi
daerah. Karena itu, pelurusan dilakukan dengan pembinaan terhadap
daerah-daerah. Tidak ada masalah yang berarti dalam masa pemerintahan Megawati
kecuali peristiwa Bom Bali dan perebutan pulau Ligitan dan Sipadan.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presiden Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono</span></b><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikian pula kehidupan
lingkungan pesantren, melahirkan putra-putra terhormat bagi nusa dan bangsa.
Lingkungan keluarga Pondok Pesantren Termas Pacitan Keresidenan Madiun,
melahirkan Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Demikian pula, Wakil presiden
Jusuf Kalla terlahir dari lingkungan kehidupan Pesantren di Makasar sebagai
daerah pengaruh Waliullah Syech Yusuf.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan adanya pergantian
sistem pemilihan langsung untuk Pemilu Presiden, pasangan Megawati – Hasyim
Muzadi, PDIP-NU gugur karena hanya memperoleh 42.833.652 suara atau 39,09%.
Sedangkan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono – Jusuf Kalla, Partai Demokrat – Partai
Golkar, memperoleh suara rakyat mencapai jumlah 66.731.944 suara atau 60.91%.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono-
SBY diangkat resmi sebagai Presiden RI, dan Mohamad Jusuf Kalla sebagai Wakil
Presiden, pada 20 Oktober 2004, untuk periode kepresidenan 2004-2009 M. Untuk
kedua kalinya, Presiden dari TNI AD.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebijakan Presiden
Ssusilo Bambang Yudhayono diantaranya</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Anggaran
pendidikan ditingkatkan menjadi 20% dari keseluruhan APBN.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Konversi
minyak tanah ke gas.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Memberikan
BLT (Bantuan Langsung Tunai).</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Pembayaran
utang secara bertahap kepada badan PBB.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Buy
back saham BUMN</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f. Pelayanan
UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) bagi rakyat kecil.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g. Subsidi
BBM.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h. Memudahkan
investor asing untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i. Meningkatkan
sektor pariswisata dengan mencanangkan "Visit Indonesia 2008".</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j. Pemberian
bibit unggul pada petani.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k. Pemberantasan
korupsi melalui KPK (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi).</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masalah yang ada:</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Masalah
pembangunan ekonomi yang ala kadarnya sangat memperihatinkan karena tidak
tampak strategi yang bisa membuat perekonomian Indonesia kembali bergairah.
Angka pengangguran dan kemiskinan tetap tinggi.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Penanganan
bencana alam yang datang bertubi-tubi berjalan lambat dan sangat tidak
profesional. Bisa dipahami bahwa bencana datang tidak diundang dan terjadi
begitu cepat sehingga korban kematian dan materi tidak terhindarkan. Satu-satunya
unit pemerintah yang tampak efisien adalah Badan Sar Nasional yang saat inipun
terlihat kedodoran karena sumber daya yang terbatas. Sementara itu, pembentukan
komisi dll hanya menjadi pemborosan yang luar biasa.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Masalah
kepemimpinan SBY dan JK yang sangat memperihatinkan. SBY yang ‘sok’ kalem dan
berwibawa dikhawatirkan berhati pengecut dan selalu cari aman, sedangkan JK
yang sok profesional dikhawatirkan penuh tipu muslihat dan agenda kepentingan
kelompok. Rakyat Indonesia sudah melihat dan memahami hal tersebut. Selain itu,
ketidakkompakan anggota kabinet menjadi nilai negatif yang besar.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Masalah
politik dan keamanan cukup stabil dan tampak konsolidasi demokrasi dan
keberhasilan pilkada Aceh menjadi catatan prestasi. Namun, potensi demokrasi
ini belum menghasilkan sistem yang pro-rakyat dan mampu memajukan kesejahteraan
bangsa Indonesia. Tetapi malah mengubah arah demokrasi bukan untuk rakyat
melainkan untuk kekuatan kelompok.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Masalah
korupsi. Mulai dari dasar hukumnya sampai proses peradilan, terjadi perdebatan
yang semakin mempersulit pembersihan Republik Indonesia dari koruptor-koruptor
perampok kekayaan bangsa Indonesia. Misalnya pernyataan JK yang menganggap
upaya pemberantasan korupsi mulai terasa menghambat pembangunan.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f. Masalah
politik luar negeri. Indonesia terjebak dalam politk luar negeri ‘Pahlawan
Kesiangan’. Dalam kasus Nuklir Korea Utara dan dalam kasus-kasus di Timur
Tengah, utusan khusus tidak melakukan apa-apa. Indonesia juga sangat sulit
bergerak diantara kepentingan Arab Saudi dan Iran. Selain itu, ikut serta dalam
masalah Irak jelas merupakan dikte Amerika Serikat yang diamini oleh korps
Deplu. Juga desakan peranan Indonesia dalam urusan dalam negeri Myanmar akan
semakin menyulitkan Indonesia di masa mendatang. Singkatnya, Indonesia bukan
lagi negara yang bebas dan aktif karena lebih condong ke Amerika Serikat.</span><span style="color: #4e2800; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-30564543349378898872012-08-02T22:55:00.001-07:002012-08-02T22:55:18.890-07:00Mengenal Ikan Listrik<br />
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Ada beberapa ikan
yang dapat mengeluarkan listrik. Comtohnya, lele listrik, torpedo, ikan pari,
dan belut listrik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengapa ikan-ikan tersebut dapat menghasilkan listrik ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ikan-ikan tersebut memilki organ tipis panjang yang terdapat di
sebagian tubuh belakang. Organ tersebut menghasilkan lender yang disebut </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">elektrosit</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prinsip kerja organ tersebut sama dengan cara keja baterai.
Otot-otot ikan akan aktif apabila menerima pesan dari saraf. Secara serentak,
organ listrik akan bekerja mengeluarkan daya listrik. Belut listrik memilki
5.000 hingga 6.000 titik listrik 500 V (sekitar 2A). Kemampuan menghasilkan
listrik pada ikan bertujuan untuk pertahanan diri dan penyerangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber : Syukri, S. 1999. <i>Kimia
Dasar</i> 1. Bandung: Penerbit ITB<o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-19326690917598470432012-04-30T06:47:00.001-07:002012-04-30T06:47:23.663-07:00Penyakit Kulit<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;">
<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan <i>apendicesnya</i> merupakan
struktur kompleks yang membentuk jaringan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuh" title="Tubuh"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tubuh</span></a> yang kuat dan
keras. Fungsinya dapat dipengaruhi oleh kerusakan terhadap struktur demikia
juga oleh penyakit. Karena terdapat banyak penyakit yang memengaruhi kulit maka
hanya yang paling sering ditemukan saja yang akan dibahas di sini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt;">
<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit terdiri dari 2
lapisan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">epidermis atau
lapisan luar, dan dermis atau kulit sebenarnya. Terdapat juga apendices pada
kulit yang termasuk rambut dan kuku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epidermis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epidermis terdiri dari sel epitel
yang mengalami keratinisasi yang mengandung bahan lemak yang menjadikan kulit
kedap air. Sel superfisial dari stratum ini secara kostan dilepaskan dan
diganti. Sel lain mengandung cairan berminyak. Lapisan ketiga tediri dari
sel-sel yang mengandung granula yang mampu merefraksi cahaya dan membantu
memberikan warna putih pada kulit. Lapisan keempat mengandung sel yang
memproduksi melamin, suatu bahan yang bertindak sebagai perlindungan terhadap
pengaruh sinar UV. Epidermis tidak mengandung pembuluh darah, tetapi limfe
bersirkulasi dalam ruang interselular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: .05in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dermis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dermis terdiri dari jaringan fibrosa
yang lebih padat pada bagian superficial dibandingkan bagian dalamnya. Dapat
diidentifikasi 2 lapisan : yang pertama mengandung akhiran saraf sensorik,
pembuluh darah dan limfatika ; yang kedua mengandung serat kolagen, serat
elastik, glandula sebasea, glandula sudorifera, folikel rambut dan muskulus
arrektor pilli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: .05in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipodermis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini merupakan zona transisional di
antara kulit dan jaringan adiposa di bawahnya. Mengandung sel lemak demikian
juga jaringan ikat putih dan kuning, kumparan dari sejumlah glandula sebasea
dan radiks dari sejumlah rambut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian zat makanan dermis atau
porium tergantung pada vena dan limfatika. Baik saraf bermielin maupun tidak
bermielin ditemukan dalam kulit yang berisi organ akhir dan banyak serat saraf.
Organ ini memberikan respon sensasi panas, dingin, nyeri, gatal, dan raba
ringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar Keringat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar keringat terdiri dari
glomerolus atau bagian sekresi dan duktus. Secara relatif terdapat catu darah
yang kaya dan menskresi keringat yang agak keruh, hampir tidak berbau, hampir
mengandung 99% air, dan sejumlah kecil khlorida, urea, amonium, asam urat dan
kreatinin. Berbagai tipe kelenjar keringat ditemukan pada area seperti
genetalia, anus, aksila dan puting susu dan masing-masing juga mempunyai bau
yang khas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Appendises<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Appendises termasuk rambut dan kuku.
Rambut berasal epitel dan terbentuk dari sel tanduk yang mengalami modifikasi
yang timbul dalam struktur yang kompleks, yaitu folikel yang terletak dalam
lapisan dermis yang lebih dalam. Pada saat rambut melintasi lapisan permukaan
dari dermis maka rambut dilapisi oleh sebum yang merupakan eksresi dari
glandula kecil yang terletak berdekatan dengan batang rambut. Fungsinya adalah
melumasi kulit dan menjaga kulit tetap lentur, bertindak sebagai penolak air
dan melindungi kulit dari udara yang kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuku terdiri dari sel tanduk yang
mengalami modifikasi yang bersatu dengan kuat. Pada bagian proksimal kuku
terbentuk dalam matriks kulit. Dasar kuku terdiri dari sel prickle yang
mengalami modifikasi pada mana kuku melekat dengan kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuku sebagian memperoleh warna dari
darah dan sebagian dari pigmen dalam epidermis terutama melanin. Sebagai
penitup bagian luar maka kulit mempunyai banyak fungsi yang tidak saja besifat
protektif, tetepi juga termasuk yang berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 56.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bertindak sebagai barier terhadap infeksi asal berada dalam
keadaan utuh, tetapi dapat juda dirusak oleh mikroorganisme dengan aksi dari
asam lemak rantai panjang yang ditemukan dalam kulit. Invasi bakteri dapat juga
terhalang oleh keasaman kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketahanan jaringan yang kuat melindungi jaringan di bawahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 56.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit bertindak sebagai insulator (hipoderm) dan membantu
mengatur suhu tubuh. Pengendalian suhu tubuh juga merupakan fungsi dari
glandula sudorifera dan pembuluh darah. Ketika hari panas, glandula menskresi
keringat, dan penguapannya menyebabkan pendinginan ; pembuluh darah
berdilatasi untuk memungkinkan keluarnya panas tubuh dengan meningkatkan aliran
darah dekat dengan permukaan tubuh. Ketika hari dingin, pembuluh darah
berkonstriksi, menurunkan aliran darah dan dengan demikian menurunkan kehilangan
panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena mengandung akhiran saraf sensorik, sensasi dari kulit
memainkan peranan penting dalam mempertahankan kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 56.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampai tingkat tertentu, kulit bertindak sebagai organ ekskresi
untuk mengeluarkan produk sampah tubuh. Karena itu memainkan peranan dalam
mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 56.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kondisi yang sesuai, kulit mencatu vitamin D tubuh.
Vitamin ini terbentuk dengan aksi fotokimia dari sinar UV pada sterol yang
diduga diekskresikan dalam sebum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sidik Jari<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sidik jari sudah terbentuk pada bulan
ketiga kehidupan intra uterin dan ini mempunyai aplikasi penting dalam genetika
dan kedokteran. Masing-masing individu mempunyai pola sidik jari tersendiri dan
fakta ini digunakan sebagai cara identifikasi polisi dan di RS tertentu.
Ditemukan bahwa pada sejumlah cacat genetika terdapat sidik jari atau sidik
kaki abnormal. Misalnya pada sindroma down (mongolisme), sidik jari yang
beransa lebih sering dari biasanya, dan pada sindroma turner terdapat lebih
banyak ridge dibandingkan keadaan normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit Neonatus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit pada bayi neonatus ditutupi
oleh bahan berminyak, yaitu verniks kaseosa yang memperbesar mantel pelindung
normal yang ditemukan pada kulit orang dewasa. Bahan ini dihasilkan oleh hormon
sek maternal yang merangsang sekresi dari glandula kulit bayi. Pengaruh dari
hormon ini berlangsung selama beberapa bulan setelah lahir, tetapi glandula
kulit bayi sendiri secara relatif tetap inaktif hingga pubertas. Verniks harus
dibiarkan lepas atau diangkat secara perlahan-lahan. Jika kulit bersih dari
verniks, maka bayi dapat dimandikan dengan menggunakan sabun dan
dikeringkandengan lembut. Pengeringan selanjutnya dapat ditingkatkan dengan
menggunakan bedak talkum halus. Beberapa bayi dilahirkan dengan kulit kering.
Hal ini tampaknya merupakan keadaan yang diwariskan, dimana terdapat kelebihan
lapisan tanduk dan seringkali lebih sedikit dan kelenjar keringat yang kurang
aktif dibandingkan kulit normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak bentuk berbeda dari lesi
diuraikan dalam status dermatologis yang menentukan penyakit spesifik. Hal ini
dapat dibagi dalam bentuk yang tidak merusak kulit (lesi primer) dan mereka
yang merusak kulit (lesi sekunder).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terminologi Pada Kondisi Dematologis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lesi Primer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 56.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 2.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal ini merupakan perubahan dalam
warna kulit. Mereka bervariasi dalam ukuran dan bentuk, dan tampak sebagai
pewarnaan pada kulit. Makula dibentuk dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -2.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deposit pigmen dalam kulit, misalnya
frekles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -2.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluarnya darah kedalam kulit,
misalnya petekie.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -2.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilatasi permanen dari pembuluh
kapiler, misalnya nevi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -2.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilatasi sementara dari pembuluh
darah kapiler, misalnya eritema.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 56.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 2.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Papula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat elevasi yang dapat diraba
dari kulit yang bervariasi diameternya dari sekitar 1-5 mm. Permukaan dapat
tajam, bulat atau datar. Mereka terletak superficial dan dibentuk dari
proliferasi sel atau eksudasi cairan ke dalam kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 56.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 2.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nodul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini serupa dengan papula tetapi terletak lebih dalam.
Mereka bervariasi dalam ukuran dan biasanya lebih besar dibandingkan papula.
Contoh daro nodul subkutan adalah nodul rematisme akut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 56.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -2.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vesikel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vesikel merupakan lepuh kecil yang
dibentuk dengan akumulasi cairan dalam epidermis ; mereka biasanya diisi
dengan cairan serosa dan ditemukan pada anak-anak yang menderita eksema.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bula Atau Pustula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bula merupakan vesikel besar yang
mengandung serum, pus atau darah. Mereka ditemukan misalnya pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemfigus" title="Pemfigus"><span style="color: #7030a0;">pemfigus neonatorum</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelegata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelegata merupakan elevasi sementara
kulit yang disebabkan oleh edema dermis dan dilatasi kapiler sekitarnya.
Biasanya berkaitan dengan respon alergi terhadap bahan asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lesi Sekunder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skuama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skuama merupakan lapisan tanduk dari
epidermis mati yang menumpuk pada kulit yang dapat berkembang sebagai akibat
perubahan inflamasi. Keadaan ini ditemukan pada psoariasis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Krusta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini terbentuk dari serum, darah atau
nanah yang mengering pada kulit. Masing-masing dapat dikenal dengan warna
berikut : merah kehitaman (krusta darah), kuning kehitaman (krusta nanah),
berwarna madu (krusta serum).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fisura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini merupakan retakan kecil yang
meluas melalui epidermis dan memaparkan dermis. Mereka dapat terjadi pada kulit
kering dan pada inflamasi kronik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ulkus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ulkus merupakan lesi yang terbentuk
oleh kerusakan lokal dari seluruh epidermis dan sebagian atau seluruh korium di
bawahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit Kulit<br />
</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- EKSEMA INFANTIL
dan MASA KANAK-KANAK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eksema merupakan istilah yang
menguraikan setiap dematosis inflamatoar yang khas dengan adanya eritema,
papula, vesikula, cairan, krusta dan skuama pada berbagai fase resolusi.
Keadaan ini melibatkan epidermis dan lapisan vaskuler kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inflamasi disebabkan oleh beberapa
iritan dalam tubuh yang menimbulkan erupsi. Ini berasal dari kapiler. Kasus
yang ringan hanya terdapat eritema dan skuama tetepi seringkali terdapat
vesikula dan keadaan basah (weeping wells).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tampaknya terdapat faktor herediter
yang kuat dan kondisi ini kambuh sepanjang hidup. Keadaan ini juga diduga
merupakan penyakit alergi. (Suatu alergi didefinisikan sebagai perubahan reaksi
jaringan pada individu tertentu pada paparan terhadap bahan yang dalam jumlah
yang sama, tidak menimbulkan apa-apa pada yang lain). Mekanisme yang terlibat
diduga adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 58.5pt; text-indent: 16.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat pembebasan histamin, suatu bahan yang kuat yang
menyebabkan kontraksi otot polos, dilatasi kapiler dan penurunan tekanan darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 58.5pt; text-indent: 16.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembebasan bahan lain, misalnya, asetil kolin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 58.5pt; text-indent: 16.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi antara alergen dan suatu antibodi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eksema jarang timbul sebelum bulan
kehidupan kedua dan ketiga dan sebagian kasus hilang secara spontan pada ulang
tahun kedua dan ketiga. Lebih sering terjadi pada bayi yang diberi makanan
buatan dibanding pada bayi yang diberi ASI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran Klinik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lesi kulit pada awalnya tampak pada
pipi, dahi dan kulit kepala, tetapi juga ditemukan pada permukaan fleksor dari
lengan dan tungkai. Pada akhirnya mereka menyebar pada seluruh permukaan kulit.
Hal ini sangat gatal dan sebagian besar perubahan kulit timbul akibat
menggaruk, menggosok dan ekskoriasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Impetigo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Impetigo merupakan infeksi
stafilokokus, mulai sebagai lepuh kecil yang mengering dengan cepat untuk
membentuk suatu skab dengan sebaran tepi yang mertah basah. Pada neonatus
ditemukan sebagai pemfigus neonatorum yang nyata bulosa. Pemfigus neonatorum
merupakan penyakit yang harus dilaporkan di Inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PSORIASIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosis dengan inspeksi tidak
sukar. Keadaan ini merupakan penyakit fungsional yang cenderung diwariskan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran Klinik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masing-masing lesi berbatas jelas.
Berwarna merah salmon dipengaruhi oleh tumpukan sisik keperakan. Terutama
mengenai siku-siku, lutut dan kulit kepala, tetapi dapat terjadi dimanapun.
Kondisi ini dapat dicetuskan oleh infeksi seperti tonsilitis ; stres emosi
tampaknya juga terdari sebagai faktor predisposisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SCABIES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scabies disebabkan oleh parasit <i>Sarcoptes
scabiei</i>. Betina yang hamil bersarang dalam lapisan tanduk dari epidermis.
Di sini ia bertelur beberapa butir setiap hari yang menetas mengeluarkan banyak
pinjal muda yang makan dalam orifisium dari glandula skretoris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sarang tampak sebagai garis putih
dengan tepi yang tidak teratur, pada akhir sarang ini terdapat tempat pinjal.
Sarang ditemukan pada lipatan, antara jari-jari, pada genitalia dan pada muka
bayi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kondisi ini ditularkan oleh kontak
yang intim dan cenderung mengenai seluruh keluarga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran Klinik<br />
Gatal merupakan tanda utama dan pada pemeriksaan gambaran di atas akan
ditemukan. Garukan menyebabkan pendarahan dan infeksi tumpang tindih dengan
penyakit ini. Dan dapat menular ke orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AKNE<br />
Akne merupakan penyakit dari folikel sebasea yaitu folikel yang mempunyai
glandula sebasea yang banyak dan tidak mempunyai bulu. Arpertura dari glandula
sebasea terblokir oleh sumbat tanduk (blackheads) dan terdapat retensi dari
sebum yang diubah oleh organisme yang menimbulkan inflamasi pada jaringan sekitarnya.
Keadaan ini menimbulkan pembentukan pustul dan abses yang menyebabkan parut.
Kondisi ini memengaruhi remaja muda sehingga menyebabkan perasaan malu dan
tidak senang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KELAINAN KONGENITAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Bayi lahir dengan kelainan struktural. Beberapa dapat nyata sejak lahir yang
lain timbul segera setelah lahir. Baik lapisan epidermal dan dermal dapat
terkena.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelainannya lapisan epidermal
termasuk papilomata, lesi makuler berpigmen dan ini dapat berkaitan dengan
moles atau naevi berambut yang berpigmen secara luas. Pada dermis dapat
ditemukan fibromata, neuromata dan lipomata. Walaupun demikian, nevi vaskuler
lebih sering ditemukan dan ini termasuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spider naevus. Ini merupakan dilatasi
dari arteriole kecil dan percabangan kapilernya. Seringkali hilang secara spontan
dengan diatermi atau fenol ; fenol diberikan dengan alat yang runcing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Noda Port-wine. Ini merupakan makula
berwarna merah tua atau ungu. Merupakan dilatasi difus dari semua kapiler
normal pada jaringan yang terkena. Dapat juga melibatkan organ dibawahnya,
seperti mata dan otak. Tidak ada pengobatan untuk hal ini, tapi dapat digunakan
penutupan secara kosmetik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hemangioma strawberi. Lesi ini sering
ditemukan saat lahir. Tampak sebagai nodul seperti karet, merah dengan
permukaan yang kasar. Melibatkan unsur kapiler maupun vena. Hemangioma
strawberi biasanya hilang sendiri, meninggalkan kulit yang kendor dan jarang
sekali diperlukan terapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sacharin, R.M. (1986) <i>Principles
of Paediatric Nursing</i>. London:Churchill Livingstone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-29708194252269607722012-04-30T06:28:00.000-07:002012-04-30T06:28:14.512-07:00Serangan Jantung<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Serangan jantung</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Inggris</span></a>: </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Myocardial infarction, acute myocardial infarction, MI, AMI</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">) adalah terhentinya aliran darah,
meskipun hanya sesaat, yang menuju ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jantung</span></a>,
dan mengakibatkan sebagian sel jantung menjadi mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit jantung merupakan penyebab
kematian nomor satu pada orang dewasa di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amerika</span></a>.
Setiap tahunnya, di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgCQjKYqbO3UxrBQPHRke0RWRTAYHD7EOuj45lxXCUcTvGaLiUjO9AhbcPnppruVvUlo9AvpRqiDfxd6QiH_YoAiRTisPjDrWbAKN4lnB-s4FJDo8Qc24FMhFgEMmd6-htQ9ITQSSkLOPl/s1600/Jantung.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgCQjKYqbO3UxrBQPHRke0RWRTAYHD7EOuj45lxXCUcTvGaLiUjO9AhbcPnppruVvUlo9AvpRqiDfxd6QiH_YoAiRTisPjDrWbAKN4lnB-s4FJDo8Qc24FMhFgEMmd6-htQ9ITQSSkLOPl/s320/Jantung.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">1,5 juta orang mengalami serangan
jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">478000 orang meninggal karena penyakit
jantung koroner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">407000 orang mengalami operasi
peralihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">300000 orang menjalani angioplasti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jantung</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">stroke</span></a>, dan
penyakit periferal arterial merupakan penyakit yang mematikan. Di seluruh
dunia, jumlah penderita penyakit ini terus bertambah. Ketiga kategori penyakit
ini tidak lepas dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaya_hidup&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gaya hidup (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gaya hidup</span></a> yang
kurang sehat yang banyak dilakukan seiring dengan berubahnya pola hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Faktor-faktor pemicu serangan jantung
ialah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokok" title="Rokok"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rokok</span></a>,
mengonsumsi makanan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolestrol&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kolestrol (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">berkolestrol</span></a> tinggi,
kurang gerak, malas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahraga" title="Olahraga"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">berolahraga</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stres" title="Stres"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">stres</span></a>, dan kurang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istirahat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Istirahat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">istirahat</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengenalan Jantung<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jantung adalah organ berupa otot, berbentuk kerucut, berongga
dan dengan basisnya di atas dan puncaknya di bawah.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>Apex</i>-nya (puncak) miring ke sebelah kiri. Berat
jantung kira-kira 300 gram. Agar jantung berfungsi sebagai pemompa yang
efisien, otot-otot jantung, rongga atas dan rongga bawah harus berkontraksi
secara bergantian. Laju denyut-denyut jantung atau kerja pompa ini dikendalikan
secara alami oleh suatu "pengatur irama". Ini terdiri dari sekelompok
secara khusus, disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>nodus sinotrialis</i>, yang terletak di
dalam dinding serambi kanan. Sebuah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>impuls</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> listrik yang ditransmisikan dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>nodus sinotrialis</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> ke
kedua serambi membuat keduanya berkontraksi secara serentak. Arus listrik ini
selanjutnya diteruskan ke dinding-dinding bilik, yang pada gilirannya membuat
bilik-bilik berkontraksi secara serentak.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b>Periode kontraksi</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> ini disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>systole</i>. Selanjutnya periode ini diikuti dengan sebuah
periode relaksasi pendek - kira-kira 0,4 detik - yang disebut<i>diastole</i>, sebelum<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>impuls</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> berikutnya
datang.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>Nodus sinotrialus</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> menghasilkan antara 60 hingga 72<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>impuls</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> seperti
ini setiap<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Menit"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">menit</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ketika jantung sedang santai. Produksi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>impuls-impuls</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> ini
juga dikendalikan oleh suatu bagian sistem<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syaraf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Syaraf"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">syaraf</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">yang disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b>sistem syaraf otonom</b>, yang bekerja diluar keinginan kita. Sistem
listrik<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>built-in</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> inilah yang menghasilkan
kontraksi-kontraksi otot jantung beirama yang disebut denyut jantung.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Faktor-faktor Risiko Penyakit Jantung Koroner</span></b><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Memasuki usia 45 tahun bagi pria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Sangat penting bagi kaum pria untuk
menyadari kerentanan mereka dan mengambil tindakan positif untuk mencegah
datangnya penyakit jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Bagi wanita, memasuki usia 55 tahun atau mengalami <i>menopause</i> dini
(sebagai akibat operasi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Wanita mulai menyusul pria dalam hal
risiko penyakit jantung setelah mengalami <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">menopause</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Riwayat penyakit jantung dalam keluarga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Riwayat serangan jantung di dalam
keluarga sering merupakan akibat dari profil <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kolesterol</span></a> yang
tidak normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Diabetes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Kebanyakan penderita <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diabetes</span></a> meninggal
bukanlah karena meningkatnya <i>level</i> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula_darah" title="Gula darah"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gula darah</span></a>,
namun karena kondisi komplikasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jantung</span></a>
mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Merokok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Resiko penyakit jantung dari merokok
setara dengan 100 pon kelebihan berat badan - jadi tidak mungkin menyamakan
keduanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Kegemukan (obesitas).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Obesitas tengah (perut buncit) adalah
bentuk dari kegemukan. Walaupun semua orang gemuk cenderung memiliki risiko
penyakit jantung, orang dengan obesitas tengah lebih-lebih lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Gaya hidup buruk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Gaya hidup yang buruk merupakan salah
satu akar penyebab penyakit jantung - dan menggantinya dengan kegiatan fisik
merupakan salah satu langkah paling radikal yang dapat diambil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Stress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Banyak penelitian yang sudah
menunjukkan bahwa, bila menghadapi situasi yang tegang, dapat terjadi <i>arithmias</i> jantung
yang membahayakan jiwa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Serangan Jantung<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Serangan jantung adalah suatu kondisi ketika kerusakan
dialami oleh bagian otot jantung (</span><i>myocardium</i>) akibat mendadak sangat berkurangnya pasokan
darah ke bagian otot jantung. Berkurangnya pasokan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Darah"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ke jantung secara tiba-tiba dapat terjadi
ketika salah satu nadi koroner terblokade selama beberapa saat, entah akibat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>spasme</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> -
mengencangnya nadi koroner - atau akibat penggumpalan darah -</span><i>thrombus</i>. Bagian otot
jantung yang biasanya dipasok oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Nadi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background: white; color: #a55858; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nadi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">yang terblokade berhenti berfungsi dengan
baik segera setelah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>splasme</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> reda dengan sendirinya, gejala-gejala
hilang secara menyeluruh dan otot jantung berfungsi secara betul-betul normal
lagi. Ini sering disebut</span><i>crescendo angina</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>coronary insufficiency</i>. Sebaliknya, apabila pasokan darah ke jantung
terhenti sama sekali, sel-sel yang bersangkutan mengalami perubahan yang
permanen hanya dalam beberapa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Jam"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jam</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">saja dan bagian otot jantung termaksud
mengalami penurunan mutu atau rusak secara permanen.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otot" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Otot"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Otot</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">yang mati ini disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Infark"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">infark</span></a></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala Serangan Jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Gejala-gejala ini untuk setiap orang
biasa berbeda. Sebuah serangan jantung mungkin dimulai dengan rasa sakit yang
tidak jelas, rasa tidak nyaman yang samar, atau rasa sesak dibagian tengah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada" title="Dada"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dada</span></a>. Kadang, sebuah
serangan jantung hanya menimbulkan rasa tidak nyaman yang ringan sekali
sehingga sering disalahartikan sebagai gangguan pencernaan, atau bahkan lepas
dari perhatian sama sekali. Dalam hal ini, satu-satunya cara yang memungkinkan
terdeteksinya sebuah serangan jantung adalah ketika harus menjalani pemeriksaan <b>ECG</b> untuk
alasan lain yang mungkin tidak berkaitan. Dipihak lain, serangan jantung
mungkin menghadirkan rasa nyeri paling buruk yang pernah dialami - rasa sesak
yang luar biasa atau rasa terjepit pada dada, tenggorokan atau perut. Bisa juga
mengucurkan keringat panas atau dingin, kaki terasa sakit sekali dan rasa
ketakutan bahwa ajal sudah mendekat. Juga mungkin merasa lebih nyaman bila
duduk dibanding bila berbaring dan mungkin napas begitu sesak sehingga tidak
bisa santai. Rasa mual dan pusing bahkan sampai muntah, bahkan yang lebih parah
yaitu ketika sampai <i>kolaps</i> dan pingsan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Ada beberapa gejala yang lebih
spesifik, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyeri" title="Nyeri"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nyeri</span></a>.
Jika <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otot" title="Otot"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">otot</span></a> tidak
mendapatkan cukup <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a> (suatu keadaan yang disebut iskemi), maka <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">oksigen</span></a> yang
tidak memadai dan hasil<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metabolisme</span></a> yang berlebihan menyebabkan kram atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kejang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kejang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kejang</span></a>. Angina merupakan perasaan sesak di
dada atau perasaan dada diremas-remas, yang timbul jika otot jantung tidak
mendapatkan darah yang cukup. Jenis dan beratnya nyeri atau ketidaknyamanan ini
bervariasi pada setiap orang. Beberapa orang yang mengalami kekurangan aliran darah
bisa tidak merasakan nyeri sama sekali (suatu keadaan yang disebut <i>silent
ischemia</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sesak_napas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sesak napas (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sesak napas</span></a> merupakan
gejala yang biasa ditemukan pada gagal jantung. Sesak merupakan akibat dari
masuknya cairan ke dalam rongga udara di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">paru-paru</span></a> (kongesti
pulmoner atau edema pulmoner).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Kelelahan atau kepenatan. Jika jantung tidak efektif memompa, maka
aliran darah ke otot selama melakukan aktivitas akan berkurang, menyebabkan
penderita merasa lemah dan lelah. Gejala ini seringkali bersifat ringan. Untuk
mengatasinya, penderita biasanya mengurangi aktivitasnya secara bertahap atau
mengira gejala ini sebagai bagian dari penuaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palpitasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Palpitasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Palpitasi</span></a> (jantung
berdebar-debar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Pusing & pingsan. Penurunan aliran darah karena denyut atau
irama jantung yang abnormal atau karena kemampuan memompa yang buruk, bisa
menyebabkan pusing dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingsan" title="Pingsan"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pingsan</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Peringatan Dini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimanapun, salah sekali pendapat bahwa sebuah serangan jantung datang
seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petir" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Petir"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">petir</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Siang"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">siang</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bolong. Serangan jantung adalah puncak
bencana dari sebuah proses kerusakan yang berlangsung lama, yang sering
melibatkan kejutan-kejutan emosional, kekacauan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>fisiologis</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> dan
kelelahan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Mental (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background: white; color: #a55858; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mental</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Tanda-tanda peringatan dini begitu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>subyektif</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> dan
begitu tersamar, sehingga bahkan dokter yang terlatih untuk mengukur segala
sesuatu secara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>obyektif</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> masih bisa mengabaikannya.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Berdasarkan gejala-gejala yang
dirasakan, seorang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Dokter"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dokter</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dapat membuat perkiraan yang nalar tentang
apakah gejala-gejala itu mengisyaratkan serangan jantung atau tidak.
Kecurigaannya mungkin diperkuat oleh penampilan si penderita, tingkat tekanan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Darah"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan bunyi detak jantung. Dokter mungkin
akan mengirimnya ke pemeriksaan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b>ECG</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan uji
darah, tetapi bila masih merasakan nyeri, dokter barangkali akan memberi
suntikan penghilangrasa nyeri sebelum pemeriksaan itu. Ini karena nyeri yang
menakutkan dapat membawa ke jurang yang lebih dalam, yang bisa menyebabkan
gejala jantung. Nyeri itu juga dapat menimbulkan </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dampak<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">psikologis</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">jangka panjang.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b>ECG </b>pertama mungkin tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda
serangan jantung dan mungkin pemeriksaan itu harus diulang. Kadang-kadang uji
yang kedua pun masih tidak menunjukkan perubahan, dan selama hal ini, <span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Diagnosis"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diagnosis</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">akan bergantung pada pemeriksaan darah.
Jantung, seperti semua<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Sel"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tubuh lain, mengandung bahan-bahan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Kimia"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kimia</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">khusus yang disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Enzim"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzim</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ketika sel-sel jantung
mengalami kerusakan, enzim-enzim yang dilepaskan beredar bersama aliran darah.
Setelah sebuah serangan jantung, kadar sebagian enzim ini langsung naik, tetapi
selanjutnya enzim-enzim tersebut lekas mengurai dan karena itu tidak terdeteksi
lagi setelah sehari atau dua hari; ada enzim yang baru dilepaskan beberapa jam
atau bebera hari kemudian tetap tinggal dalam darah selama beberapa hari atau
bahkan beberapa minggu.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">10 Anggapan Salah Tentang Penyakit Jantung</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit jantung hanya terjadi pada orang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesitas" title="Obesitas"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gemuk</span></a> saja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit jantung tidak bisa pada anak atau orang muda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Wanita terbebas dari penyakit jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit jantung hanya satu macam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Jantungnya sehat, tak mungkin bisa sakit jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak ada hubungan dengan serangan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">stroke</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit jantung merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_keturunan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penyakit keturunan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyakit keturunan</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit jantung tidak dapat dicegah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Terkena penyakit jantung sebab sering dikagetkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit jantung muncul sebab sering mengonsumsi menu jantung <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang" title="Pisang"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pisang</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber : </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Patel Chandra,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>Panduan Praktis Mencegah & Mengobati Penyakit Jantung</i>, tr.by: Alextri
Aantjono Widodo, PT Gramedia, Jakarta, 1998.<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-39481407505523457262012-04-30T06:07:00.002-07:002012-04-30T06:07:59.766-07:00Gangguan Dan Kelainan Pada Sistem Pencernaan<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">•
Apendikitis</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">»</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Radang
usus buntu.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">• Diare</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Feses
yang sangat cair akibat peristaltik yang terlalu cepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">•
Kontipasi (Sembelit)</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Kesukaran
dalam proses Defekasi (buang air besar)</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">•
Maldigesti</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Terlalu
banyak makan atau makan suatu zat yang merangsang lambung.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">•
Parotitis</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Infeksi
pada kelenjar parotis disebut juga Gondong</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">• Tukak
Lambung/Maag</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">"Radang"
pada dinding lambung, umumnya diakibatkan infeksi <i>Helicobacter pylori</i></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">•
Xerostomia</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">»<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Produksi
air liur yang sangat sedikit</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Gangguan pada sistem pencernaan makanan dapat disebabkan oleh pola
makan yang salah, infeksi bakteri, dan kelainan alat pencernaan. Di antara
gangguan-gangguan ini adalah diare, sembelit, tukak lambung, peritonitis,
kolik, sampai pada infeksi usus buntu (apendisitis).</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Diare</span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila kim dari perut mengalir ke usus terlalu cepat maka
defekasi menjadi lebih sering dengan feses yang mengandung banyak air. Keadaan
seperti ini disebut diare. Penyebab diare antara lain ansietas (stres), makanan
tertentu, atau organisme perusak yang melukai dinding usus. Diare dalam waktu
lama menyebabkan hilangnya air dan garam-garam mineral, sehingga terjadi
dehidrasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Konstipasi (Sembelit)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Sembelit terjadi jika kim masuk ke usus dengan sangat lambat.
Akibatnya, air terlalu banyak diserap usus, maka feses menjadi keras dan
kering. Sembelit ini disebabkan karena kurang mengkonsumsi makanan yang
berupa tumbuhan berserat dan banyak mengkonsumsi daging.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Tukak
Lambung (Ulkus)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Dinding lambung diselubungi mukus yang di dalamnya juga terkandung
enzim. Jika pertahanan mukus rusak, enzim pencernaan akan memakan bagian-bagian
kecil dari lapisan permukaan lambung. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah terjadinya
tukak lambung. Tukak lambung menyebabkan berlubangnya dinding lambung sehingga
isi lambung jatuh di rongga perut. Sebagian besar tukak lambung ini disebabkan
oleh infeksi bakteri jenis tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa gangguan lain pada sistem pencernaan antara lain sebagai
berikut: <i>Peritonitis; </i>merupakan peradangan pada selaput perut
(peritonium). Gangguan lain adalah salah cerna akibat makan makanan yang
merangsang lambung, seperti alkohol dan cabe yang mengakibatkan rasa nyeri yang
disebut <i>kolik. </i>Sedangkan produksi HCl yang berlebihan dapat
menyebabkan terjadinya gesekan pada dinding lambung dan usus halus, sehingga
timbul rasa nyeri yang disebut tukak lambung. Gesekan akan lebih parah kalau
lambung dalam keadaan kosong akibat makan tidak teratur yang pada akhirnya akan
mengakibatkan pendarahan pada lambung. Gangguan lain pada lambung adalah
gastritis atau peradangan pada lambung. Dapat pula apendiks terinfeksi sehingga
terjadi peradangan yang disebut <i>apendisitis.</i></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-71059263868164448772012-04-30T06:02:00.000-07:002012-04-30T06:02:15.065-07:00Aplikasi hukum Bernoulli dalam kehidupan sehari-hari<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi
hukum bernoulli dalam kehidupan sehari-hari</span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum Bernoulli</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menjelaskan tentang konsep dasar aliran fluida (zatcair dan
gas) bahwa peningkatan kecepatan pada suatu aliran zat cair atau gas, akan
mengakibatkan penurunan tekanan pada zat cair atau gas tersebut. Artinya, akan
terdapat penurunan energi potensial pada aliran fluida tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Berikut
ini beberapa contoh aplikasi hukum Bernoulli tersebut.</b></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hukum Bernoulli digunakan untuk menentukan
gaya angkat pada sayap dan badan pesawat terbang sehingga diperoleh ukuran
presisi yang sesuai.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum
Bernoulli dipakai pada penggunaan mesin karburator yang berfungsi untuk
mengalirkan bahan bakar dan mencampurnya dengan aliran udara yang masuk. Salah
satu pemakaian karburator adalah dalam kendaraan bermotor, seperti mobil.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum
Bernoulli berlaku pada aliran air melalui pipa dari tangki penampung menuju
bak-bak penampung. Biasanya digunakan di rumah-rumah pemukiman.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum
Bernoulli juga digunakan pada mesin yang mempercepat laju kapal layar.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Penerapan
Hukum Bernoulli dapat kita lihat pada:</b></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Tabung Venturi</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung
Venturi adalah sebuah pipa yang memiliki bagian yang menyempit.Dua contoh
tabung venturi adalah karburator mobil dan venturimeter.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Karburator</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karburator
berfungsi untuk menghasilkan campuran bahan bakar dengan udara, kemudian
campuran ini dimasukkan ke dalam silinder-silinder mesin untuk tujuan
pembakaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Venturimeter</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung
venturi adalah dasar dari venturimeter, yaitu alat yang dipasang di dalam suatu
pipa aliran untuk mengukur kelajuan cairan.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Tabung Pitot</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung
Pitot adalah alat ukur yang kita gunakan untuk mengukur kelajuan gas.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Penyemprot Parfum</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyemprot
Parfum adalah salah satu contoh Hukum Bernoulli. Ketika Anda menekan tombol ke
bawah, udara dipaksa keluar dari bola karet termampatkan melalui lubang sempit
diatas tabung silinder yang memanjang ke bawah sehingga memasuki cairan
parfum.Semburan udara yang bergerak cepat menurunkan tekanan udara pada bagian
atas tabung, dan menyebabkan tekanan atmosfer pada permukaan cairan memaksa
cairan naik ke atas tabung. Semprotan udara berkelajuan tinggi meniup cairan
parfum sehingga cairan parfum dikeluarkan sebagai semburan kabut halus.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Penyemprot Racun Serangga</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyemprot
Racun Serangga hampir sama prinsip kerjanya dengan penyemprot parfum. Jika pada
penyemprot parfum Anda menekan tombol, maka pada penyemprot racun serangga Anda
menekan masuk batang penghisap</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br />
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<!--[endif]--></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-60167702412737225192012-04-30T05:57:00.000-07:002012-04-30T05:57:01.096-07:00Langkah-langkah untuk berhenti merokok<br />
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berhenti merokok sepertinya
mudah,tetapi kenyataannya orang yang sudah terikat dengan rokok sangat sulit
untuk berhenti.Mungkin sudah banyak cara yang di lakukan untuk berhenti,tetapi
tetap saja masih merokok.Padahal di setiap BandRool rokok itu sendiri sudah ada
tulisan peringatannya Seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: #F8F8F9; color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MEROKOK DAPAT
MENYEBABKAN KANKER ,SERANGAN JANTUNG,IMPOTENSI DAN GANGGUAN KEHAMILAN SERTA
JANIN.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Udah di peringatkan seperti itupun
masih juga merokok.Berbahayakan..?? Nah kalau begitu kenapa tidak mencoba
tips berikut ini untuk berhenti merokok.:<br />
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<!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MULAI DENGAN KEBIASAAN YANG BAIK. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk merubah
kebiasaan yang sering di lakukan harus juga dengan melakukan kebiasaan
lain,seperti makan permen.makan buah-buahan atau menggigit
cengkeh,danlain-lain.Sebab sering kali yang membuat sulit berhenti
merokokadalah karena sugesti untuk merokok yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: #F8F8F9; line-height: 21.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TANAMKAN KESADARAN KEPADA DIRI PRIBADI YANG KUAT UNTUK
BERHENTI.<br />
Sadarlah bahwa rokok itu adalah
racun yang kerjanya sangat lambat tetapi mematikan.Bangunkan kesadaran
diri yang kuat dan lihat dengan jelas bahaya yang di akibatkan asap rokok
adalah sangat-sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan mulailahuntuk berhenti
merokok.Jangan tunggu jantung diri sendiri berhenti lebih dahulu,baru
berhentimerokok.Tetapi berhentilah sekarang dan katanlah itu kepada diri
sendiri bahwa<a href="" name="more"></a><br />
saya harus berhenti sekarang.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: #F8F8F9; line-height: 21.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BUAT KEPUTUSAN TOTAL UNTUK BERHENTI MEROKOK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila mau berhenti
merokok harus sekaligus berhenti,jangan setengah-setengah atau jangan
seoerti ini;sehari satu batang dahulu,nanti seminggu satu batang juga,lama-lama…,sehari sebungkus
lagi.Bulatkan tekat pada diri sendiri bahwa keputusan untuk berhenti merokok
tidak bisa di ganggu gugat. Itu adalah keputusan total dan jangan pernah
sentuh lagi itusampai kapanpun..!!!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MULAILAH DENGAN PERGAULAN YANG SEHAT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pergaulan yang buruk akan membawa pada kebiasaan
yang buruk.Jadi berusahalah jauhi teman- teman yang
merokok,tapi bukan bearti memutuskan hubungannya sebagai teman.Bila di tawari
katakana dengan sungguh-sungguh bahwa kamu sendiri sudah berhenti merokok
dengan perasaan bangga. Sebab mereka juga pasti ingin berhenti tapi tidak
mampu saja.Daripada sendiri tertular dan menjadi perokok pasif yangpada
akhirnya dapat terkena dampak negatifnya juga dari rokok,lebih baik
menjauh. Mulailah memiliki pergaulan yang sehat demi menjaga kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISI JIWA DAN RAGA ANDA DENGAN KEROHANIAN.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal yang paling perlu di lakukan adalah menyadari bahwa
merokok itu membuat kitaterikat dengan rokok dan itu bearti berdosa. Dosa itu
adalah kejahatan di mataTuhan. kita berhenti merokok,kita bukan hanya
menjaga tubuh kita tatap sehat,tetapi menyenangkan hati Tuhan juga.Oleh
karena itu berhentilah meroko,lakukan dengan kekuatan dan niat yang tulus
dan minta pertolongan Tuhan. Niscaya Pasti bias.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Nah Mudah bukan,Semoga bermanfaat bagi siapa saja.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-57399620951050437152012-04-30T05:51:00.002-07:002012-04-30T05:51:57.482-07:00Efek Bahaya Asap Rokok bagi Kesehatan Tubuh Manusia Akibat Sebatang Rokok<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Sebelum kita perlu mengetahui
dahulu elemen apa saja yang terkandung dalam rokok. <o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Rokok
adalah benda beracun yang member efek santai dan sugesti merasa lebih jantan.
Dobalik kegunaan atau manfaat rokok yang secuil itu, terkandung bahaya yang
sangat besar bagi orang yang merokok maupun orang di sekitar perokok yang bukan
perokok.<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">ROKOK mengandung kurang lebih
4000 elemen-elemen,dansetidaknya 200 diantaranya dinyatakan bahaya bagi
kesehatan. Racun utama pada rokok adalah tar,nikotin,dan karbon monoksida.</span></em><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Tar adalah hirokarbon yang bersifat lengket dan menempel pada
paru-paru</span></em></span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><br />
<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">Nikotin adalah zat adiktif
yang mempengaruhi syaraf dan peredaran darah.Zat ini bersifat karsinogen,dan
mampu memicu terjadinya kangker paru-paru.</span></span></em><br />
<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">Karbon monoksida adalah Zat
yang mengikat hemoglobin dalam darah,membuat darah tidak mampu mengikat oksigen.</span></span></em><br />
<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">Efek Racun, Efek racun pada
rokok ini membuat asap rokok mengalami resiko lebih besar di banding yang tidak
menghisap asap rokok,perbandingannya adalah sebagai berikut:14x menderita
kanker paru-paru,mulut,dan tenggorokan </span></span></em><br />
<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"> 4x
menderita kanker esopagus</span></span></em><br />
<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"> 2x kanker
kandung kempih</span></span></em><br />
<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">
2x serangan jantung</span></span></em><br />
<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-style: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">Rokok
juga meningkatkan resiko kefatalan bagi penderita pneumonia dan gagal
jantung,serta tekanan darah tinggi.</span></span></em><i><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></i><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-style: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></span></div>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; padding: 0in;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></em><!--[endif]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Asap rokok mengandung kurang lebih 4.000 bahan kimia 200 diantaranya
beracun dan 43 jenis lainnya dapat menyebabkan kanker bagi tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; padding: 0in;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></em><!--[endif]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Asap rokok yang baru mati di asbak mengandung 3x lipat bahan pemicu
kanker diudara dan 50 kali mengandung bahan pengiritasi mata dan pernapasan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; padding: 0in;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></em><!--[endif]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Harga rokok yang mahal akan sangat memberatkan orang yang tergolong
miskin, sehingga dana kesejahteraan dan kesehatan keluarganya sering dialihkan
untuk membeli rokok,<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; padding: 0in;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></em><!--[endif]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Sebagian perokok biasanya akan mengajak orang lain yang belum merokok
agar merasakan penderitaan yang sama dengannya, yaitu terjebak dalam ketagihan
asap rokok yang jahat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; padding: 0in;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></em><!--[endif]--><em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Kegiatan yang merusak tubuh adalah perbuatan dosa, sehingga rokok dapat
dikategorikan sebagai benda atau barang haram yang harus dihindari dan dijauhi
sejauh mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Langsung berhenti,pilihlah sebuah
hari di mana anda akan berhenti,dan pada hari itu,langsung berhenti total tanpa
melakuakan tahapan-tahapan,umumnya rencana anda kepada orang-orang terdekat
anda agar mereka bisa membantu.</span></em><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><br />
</span></i><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">Waspada
pada hari-hari awal,hari-hari awal akan terasa sangat berat,cobalah mengalihkan
perhatian dengan mengkonsumsi permen atau permen karet,tanpa gula,sementara
waktu,kurangilah kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan rokok.</span></span></em><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><br />
</span></i><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">Nikmati
Hidup,uang seharusnya di pakai untuk membeli rokok dapat di pakai untuk membeli
hadiah bagi diri sendiri atau di tabung.</span></span></em><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"><br />
</span></i><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;">Konsumsi
Rendah Kalori,selama minggu-minggu pertama { sampai kira-kira empat minggu
},makanlah makanan yang mengandung kalori tendah.minumlah air yang
banyak! </span><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Berikut
adalah beberapa dampak <strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">bahaya
merokok bagi tubuh Manusia</span></strong> :<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><strong><o:p></o:p></strong></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Reproduksi dan Fertilitas</span></strong><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">: Pengaruh dari merokok terhadap reproduksi dan
kesuburan cukup fatal. Merokok dapat meningkatkan risiko impotensi, kerusakan
sperma, mengurangi jumlah sperma dan menyebabkan kanker testis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Mulut dan Gigi</span></strong><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">: Merokok dapat menyebabkan bau mulut dan gigi bernoda. Hal ini
juga dapat menyebabkan penyakit gusi dan kerusakan indera perasa. Penyebab
paling serius dari merokok pada area ini adalah peningkatan risiko
mengembangkan kanker pada lidah, tenggorokan, dan bibir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Kulit</span></strong><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">: Merokok mengurangi jumlah oksigen ke kulit sehingga dapat
mempercepat penuaan dan kulit tampak abu-abu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Tulang</span></strong><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">: Merokok dapat menyebabkan tulang cepat lemah dan rapuh. Wanita
terutamanya, 5-10% lebih mungkin untuk menderita osteoporosis dibandingkan
non-perokok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Perut</span></strong><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">: Merokok dapat meningkatkan kemungkinan terkena kanker perut
dan resiko kanker ginjal, pankreas dan kandung kemih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 22.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Paru-paru</span></strong><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">: Merokok menyebabkan penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK).
PPOK adalah penyakit progresif yang membuat seseorang sulit untuk bernapas.
Banyak perokok tidak tahu bahwa mereka telah terkena penyakit ini hingga sudah
terlambat. Tidak ada obat untuk penyakit ini dan tidak ada cara untuk membalikkan
kerusakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Jantung</span></strong><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">: Karbon monoksida dari rokok mencuri oksigen darah dan mengarah
pada pengembangan kolesterol mengendap di dinding arteri. Efek ini meningkatkan
risiko serangan jantung dan stroke.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan nya menurut saya adalah bahwa merokok
merupakan kegiatan bodoh yang dilakukan manusia yang mengorbankan uang,
kesehatan, kehidupan social, pahala, persepsi positif, dan lain sebagainya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maka untuk yang tidak merokok bersyukur yah …. Soalnya
kalian adalah orang pandai hehe .. ^_^<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-22365592163595148382012-04-27T06:05:00.000-07:002012-04-27T06:05:01.698-07:00Penyakit HIDROSEFALUS<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7t5m9HbtKgbihQjSO7-1aoaa6tk7EFnfjFIdjiMex5YGNlvU4UdcENN0Eb_QGfTWiVSy1BTtT2dlWY-56eeX2l-jpPC1ZmJdD17DxgbQSwUkHeegJUexldmMq-w0tY6_LVUGuZ20ddNU/s1600/A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7t5m9HbtKgbihQjSO7-1aoaa6tk7EFnfjFIdjiMex5YGNlvU4UdcENN0Eb_QGfTWiVSy1BTtT2dlWY-56eeX2l-jpPC1ZmJdD17DxgbQSwUkHeegJUexldmMq-w0tY6_LVUGuZ20ddNU/s320/A.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hidrosefalus</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><i>kepala-air</i>, istilah yang berasal dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span style="background: white; color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa
Yunan</span><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">i</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: "hydro" yang berarti air dan
"cephalus" yang berarti kepala; sehingga kondisi ini sering dikenal
dengan "</span><b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">kepala air</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">") adalah penyakit yang terjadi akibat
gangguan aliran cairan di dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Otak"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">otak</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(cairan serebro spinal) atau akumulasi
cairan serebrospinal dalam ventrikel serebral, ruang subarachnoid, atau ruang
subdural. Gangguan itu menyebabkan cairan tersebut bertambah banyak yang
selanjutnya akan menekan jaringan otak di sekitarnya, khususnya pusat-pusat
saraf yang vital.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebap Hidrosefalus terbagi dua, yakni Kongenital;
disebapkan ganguan perkembangan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Janin"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">janin</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Rahim"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rahim</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(misalnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>Malformasi Arnold Chiari</i>) atau infeksi
intrauterine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfestasi Klinis</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Kepala membesar, fontanel antrior
menonjol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vena</span></a> pada kulit
kepala dilatasi dan terlihat jelas pada saat bayi menangis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Terdapat bunyi creckedpot (tanda
Macewen).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Mata melihat kebawah, mudah
terstimulasi, lemah dan kemampuan makan berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opisthotonus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Opisthotonus (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Opisthotonus</span></a>, dan spatik
pada ekstremitas bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Pada bayi dengan malformasi Ac, bayi
mengalami kesulitan menelan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Bunyi napas stridor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Kesulitan bernapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apnea&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Apnea (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Apnea</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">, dan tidak ada refleks muntah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit_kepala" title="Sakit kepala"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sakit kepala</span></a>,
papil edema.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Strabismus, ataxia, letargi, bingung,
dan bicara inkoheren.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber : </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www2.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0406/11/ilpeng/1076445.htm"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www2.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0406/11/ilpeng/1076445.htm</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-90189242021255978992012-04-27T05:48:00.002-07:002012-04-27T05:48:26.403-07:00Istana Bogor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhen0E1GE-WRQU5gVPAI9P2a-t-J8OPO4YXIUrQRKh_vBu2_MtWJeKlhjZ5mxv_OAWBRTdoODXyQSrrkB_2gjjP0vWMIvPo5KHIWv258xabssSX8sy7hxXmVnKHIUyPH4dkgerxMgVup7yX/s1600/bogor+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhen0E1GE-WRQU5gVPAI9P2a-t-J8OPO4YXIUrQRKh_vBu2_MtWJeKlhjZ5mxv_OAWBRTdoODXyQSrrkB_2gjjP0vWMIvPo5KHIWv258xabssSX8sy7hxXmVnKHIUyPH4dkgerxMgVup7yX/s1600/bogor+1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Istana
Bogor</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">merupakan
salah satu dari enam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Istana Presiden Republik Indonesia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Istana Presiden</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Indonesia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik
Indonesia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang
mempunyai keunikan tersendiri dikarenakan aspek historis, kebudayaan, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Fauna"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">faunanya</span></a>.
Salah satunya adalah keberadaan rusa-rusa yang didatangkan langsung dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Nepal"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nepal</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan tetap terjaga dari dulu sampai
sekarang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggNZqZN7aWEdxFdn9GFpTVMTM4Fsl6vGQJEgKaF4CHHXHmP5yNLvtJGWEpZYjg5KOLPLztWOWewF3sLX52AvfMDGtgGuSeRHE4WKM9NrGidP1kzFMBxgbULkKW7e_47SCa9cXasK6syBrU/s1600/bogor+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggNZqZN7aWEdxFdn9GFpTVMTM4Fsl6vGQJEgKaF4CHHXHmP5yNLvtJGWEpZYjg5KOLPLztWOWewF3sLX52AvfMDGtgGuSeRHE4WKM9NrGidP1kzFMBxgbULkKW7e_47SCa9cXasK6syBrU/s1600/bogor+2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Saat ini sudah menjadi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>trend</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>warga<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Bogor"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bogor</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan sekitarnya setiap hari Sabtu,
Minggu, dan hari libur lainnya berjalan-jalan di seputaran Istana Bogor sambil
memberi makan rusa-rusa indah yang hidup di halaman Istana Bogor dengan wortel
yang diperoleh dari petani-petani tradisional warga Bogor yang selalu siap
sedia menjajakan wortel-wortel tersebut setiap hari libur. Seperti namanya,
istana ini terletak di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Bogor"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bogor</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Barat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Jawa Barat"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jawa Barat</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Walaupun berbagai kegiatan kenegaraan sudah tidak dilakukan
lagi, khalayak umum diperbolehkan mengunjungi secara rombongan, dengan
sebelumnya meminta izin ke Sekretaris Negara, c.q. Kepala Rumah Tangga
Kepresidenan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sejarah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Istana
Bogor dahulu bernama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Buitenzorg</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Sans
Souci</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang berarti
"tanpa kekhawatiran" Sejak tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1870"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1870</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>hingga<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1942"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1942</span></a>,
Istana Bogor merupakan tempat kediaman resmi dari 38 Gubernur Jenderal Belanda
dan satu orang Gubernur Jenderal Inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9mFflSYzgiyjGWEN5SiFH_lz85e0K5JX-lg-BllMAqDRpf9EQTvgWFvd8kHXUBsWb3dt6UFJqng4m4rDxhWk5KI1k0K2B8ywtXxEocvw4Eeo6QhDyMdVebFAOxOtyn3i7zcXdRuhpwdqh/s1600/bogor+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9mFflSYzgiyjGWEN5SiFH_lz85e0K5JX-lg-BllMAqDRpf9EQTvgWFvd8kHXUBsWb3dt6UFJqng4m4rDxhWk5KI1k0K2B8ywtXxEocvw4Eeo6QhDyMdVebFAOxOtyn3i7zcXdRuhpwdqh/s1600/bogor+3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada
tahun 1744 Gubernur Jenderal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaaf_Willem_Baron_Van_Imhoff" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Gustaaf Willem Baron Van Imhoff"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gustaaf Willem
Baron Van Imhoff</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>terkesima
akan kedamaian sebuah kampung kecil di Bogor (Kampung Baru), sebuah wilayah
bekas Kerajaan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajajaran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Pajajaran"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pajajaran</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang terletak di hulu Batavia. Van
Imhoff mempunyai rencana membangun wilayah tersebut sebagai daerah pertanian
dan tempat peristirahatan bagi Gubernur Jenderal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Istana Bogor dibangun pada bulan Agustus<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1744" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1744"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1744</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan berbentuk tingkat tiga, pada
awalnya merupakan sebuah rumah peristirahatan, ia sendiri yang membuat sketsa
dan membangunnya dari tahun 1745-1750, mencontoh arsitektur<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blehheim_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Blehheim Palace (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Blehheim Palace</span></a>,
kediaman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_Malborough&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Duke Malborough (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Duke Malborough</span></a>,
dekat kota<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Oxford"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oxford</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Inggris"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Inggris</span></a>.
Berangsur angsur, seiring dengan waktu perubahan-perubahan kepada bangunan awal
dilakukan selama masa Gubernur Jenderal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Belanda"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Belanda</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>maupun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Britania Raya"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Inggris</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Herman Willem Daendels"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Herman Willem Daendels</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan Sir<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Stamford Raffles"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stamford Raffles</span></a>), bentuk bangunan Istana Bogor telah
mengalami berbagai perubahan. sehingga yang tadinya merupakan rumah
peristirahatan berubah menjadi bangunan istana paladian dengan luas halamannya
mencapai 28,4 hektar dan luas bangunan 14.892 m².<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Namun, musibah datang pada tanggal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Oktober" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="10 Oktober"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10 Oktober</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1834"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1834</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>gempa bumi mengguncang akibat
meletusnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Salak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Gunung Salak"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gunung Salak</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sehingga
istana tersebut rusak berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada
tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1850"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1850</span></a>,
Istana Bogor dibangun kembali, tetapi tidak bertingkat lagi karena disesuaikan
dengan situasi daerah yang sering gempa itu. Pada masa pemerintahan Gubernur
Jenderal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Jacob_Duijmayer_van_Twist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Albertus Jacob Duijmayer van Twist"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Albertus Jacob
Duijmayer van Twist</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1851"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1851</span></a>-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1856"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1856</span></a>)
bangunan lama sisa gempa itu dirubuhkan dan dibangun dengan mengambil
arsitektur Eropa abad ke-19.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1870"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1870</span></a>,
Istana Buitenzorg dijadikan tempat kediaman resmi dari Gubernur Jenderal<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_Belanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Hindia Belanda"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hindia Belanda</span></a>. Penghuni terakhir Istana Buitenzorg itu adalah
Gubernur Jenderal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjarda_van_Starkenborg_Stachourwer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Tjarda van Starkenborg Stachourwer"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tjarda van
Starkenborg Stachourwer</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang
terpaksa harus menyerahkan istana ini kepada Jenderal<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamura&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Imamura (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Imamura</span></a>,
pemeritah pendudukan Jepang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1950"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1950</span></a>,
setelah masa kemerdekaan, Istana Kepresidenan Bogor mulai dipakai oleh
pemerintah Indonesia, dan resmi menjadi salah satu dari Istana Presiden
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1968"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1968</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Istana Bogor resmi dibuka untuk
kunjungan umum atas restu dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Presiden Republik Indonesia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Presiden</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soeharto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Soeharto"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Soeharto</span></a>.
Arus pengunjung dari luar dan dalam negeri setahunnya mencapai sekitar 10 ribu
orang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_November" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="15 November"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">15 November</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1994"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1994</span></a>,
Istana Bogor menjadi tempat pertemuan tahunan menteri ekonomi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerja_Sama_Ekonomi_Asia_Pasifik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">APEC
(Asia-Pasific Economy Cooperation)</span></a>, dan di sana diterbitkanlah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Bogor&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Deklarasi Bogor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Deklarasi Bogor</span></a>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bogor#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></a></sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Deklarasi ini merupakan komitmen 18
negara anggota APEC untuk mengadakan perdangangan bebas dan investasi sebelum
tahun 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Agustus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="16 Agustus"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16 Agustus</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="2002"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2002</span></a>,
pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Megawati, diadakan acara "Semarak
Kemerdekaan" untuk memperingati HUT RI yang ke-57, dan dimeriahkan dengan
tampilnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twilite_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Twilite Orchestra (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Twilite
Orchestra</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dengan
konduktor<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_MS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Addie MS"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Addie MS</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Juli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="9 Juli"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">9 Juli</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="2005"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2005</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Presiden<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>melangsungkan
pernikahan anaknya, Agus Yudhoyono dengan Anisa Pohan di Istana Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_November" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="20 November"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">20 November</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="2006"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2006</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Presiden Amerika Serikat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="George W. Bush"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">George W. Bush</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">melangsungkan kunjungan kenegaraan ke
Istana Bogor dan bertemu dengan Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Kunjungan
singkat ini berlangsung selama enam jam.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bangunan dan Ruangan di Istana Bogor</span></b><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Sebelumnya Istana Bogor dilengkapi
dengan sebuah kebun besar, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun_Raya_Bogor" title="Kebun Raya Bogor"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kebun Raya Bogor</span></a> namun
sesuai dengan kebutuhan akan pusat pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan akan tanaman
tropis, Kebun Raya Bogor dilepas dari naungan istana pada tahun<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817" title="1817"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1817</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Istana Bogor mempunyai bangunan induk
dengan sayap kiri serta kanan. Keseluruhan kompleks istana mencapai luas 1,5
hektar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Bangunan induk Istana Bogor terdiri
dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Bangunan induk istana berfungsi untuk menyelenggarakan acara
kenegaraan resmi, pertemuan, dan upacara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6MbkVPmmIfe19DbwWU4W2vjXVu9SekE9fRDDwdIJQSzR73m2MIqvZIyiaQQXb4wTSauVvfShDDXBOdzRYZrgCOGCvUzVfMAvr9F6gFWQsM5DBijqLMhF6z0fQkUaQG7bGtUIavEOB-Pca/s1600/bogor+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6MbkVPmmIfe19DbwWU4W2vjXVu9SekE9fRDDwdIJQSzR73m2MIqvZIyiaQQXb4wTSauVvfShDDXBOdzRYZrgCOGCvUzVfMAvr9F6gFWQsM5DBijqLMhF6z0fQkUaQG7bGtUIavEOB-Pca/s1600/bogor+4.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Sayap kiri bangunan yang memiliki enam kamar tidur digunakan untuk
menjamu tamu negara asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Sayap kanan bangunan dengan empat kamar tidur hanya diperuntukan
bagi kepala negara yang datang berkunjung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdrp_hyoem9qmoW0qup_RK1ww_MRDu0cAt2A986b1YRS6J1OfrndMZUPerib4HvA8F9oeuAuVunOQP6dxFU350vebyHCFP3brOiqH5XEoa-HWnB6eYx6iCRftHKkBTk4TzjBoGmWsnVbgf/s1600/bogor+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdrp_hyoem9qmoW0qup_RK1ww_MRDu0cAt2A986b1YRS6J1OfrndMZUPerib4HvA8F9oeuAuVunOQP6dxFU350vebyHCFP3brOiqH5XEoa-HWnB6eYx6iCRftHKkBTk4TzjBoGmWsnVbgf/s1600/bogor+5.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964" title="1964"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1964</span></a> dibangun
khusus bangunan yang dikenal dengan nama <i>Dyah Bayurini</i> sebagai
ruang peristirahatan presiden dan keluarganya, bangunan ini termasuk lima
paviliun terpisah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Kantor pribadi Kepala Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Perpustakaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Ruang makan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Ruang sidang menteri-menteri dan ruang pemutaran film<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Ruang Garuda sebagai tempat upacara resmi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEdADwF4ECVpr0zvYMCKwgDC2iFbVwW7MzhqE1Aw0uLbpQx973hN6vhLFmEEVWBVLS8K3vb9thTgHIwPOr4nfItLEDvT3EWt5dEbFFKYMB6_KjLTSaQsyGV7cIFtSJ3HH91celi3xxqB5G/s1600/bogor+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEdADwF4ECVpr0zvYMCKwgDC2iFbVwW7MzhqE1Aw0uLbpQx973hN6vhLFmEEVWBVLS8K3vb9thTgHIwPOr4nfItLEDvT3EWt5dEbFFKYMB6_KjLTSaQsyGV7cIFtSJ3HH91celi3xxqB5G/s1600/bogor+6.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Ruang teratai sebagai sayap tempat penerimaan tamu-tamu negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karya Seni di Istana Bogor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAEq6nPCvLPEgjB49fDVWVgxcld2O5Zk5iOVBoez-LP3RoE4yvhM6jvsbblRsGbBaVGht6WqkdU3N61hyphenhyphenCx9rY8OLej7GCy4fqh4-qDVg9cNHLwf2nttiV9Klg-TevRPuh3RbEF-_2octI/s1600/bogor+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAEq6nPCvLPEgjB49fDVWVgxcld2O5Zk5iOVBoez-LP3RoE4yvhM6jvsbblRsGbBaVGht6WqkdU3N61hyphenhyphenCx9rY8OLej7GCy4fqh4-qDVg9cNHLwf2nttiV9Klg-TevRPuh3RbEF-_2octI/s1600/bogor+8.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Banyak barang asli turun temurun yang
berada di Istana Bogor rusak, hancur, atau hilang pada masa Perang Dunia II.
Karena itu, seluruh karya seni dan perabotan klasik yang berada di Istana Bogor
bermula dari awal tahun 1950.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Koleksi-koleksi karya seni dan dekorasi
internasional banyak berasal dari hadiah negara-negara asing, yang memberikan
aksen mewah di Istana Bogor. Salah satunya adalah tempat penyangga lilin
cristal bergaya Bohemian dan karpet langka dari Persia yang melapisi lantai
ruang utama di Istana Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Koleksi istana meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxgVopxfhZeTSE1GeqooHa21cJ_i-OMzYXUoULQsAPUbOrd1ywtOHhyphenhyphenPR_9hhgio9gsEVqhRK24-dsO6_e7qDnpkzmysvfSOCe0aQuc5H1c1mycbIKqeXHt23Pdryus_ymJ-RiuFy1AVY/s1600/bogor+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxgVopxfhZeTSE1GeqooHa21cJ_i-OMzYXUoULQsAPUbOrd1ywtOHhyphenhyphenPR_9hhgio9gsEVqhRK24-dsO6_e7qDnpkzmysvfSOCe0aQuc5H1c1mycbIKqeXHt23Pdryus_ymJ-RiuFy1AVY/s1600/bogor+10.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFbwb8sm0q8eu-qeO44UhulER4jM33heYbXUbAI6GclMPlVs6CzsFUZAC4FSPpNjR9iGhyqxGfFxic1jIiwzuPkanDQpk5y0JdfKA9bAKqKTvWvOp2DQ6hQ4euP633vzhrmn7KF6XcgIGD/s1600/bogor+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFbwb8sm0q8eu-qeO44UhulER4jM33heYbXUbAI6GclMPlVs6CzsFUZAC4FSPpNjR9iGhyqxGfFxic1jIiwzuPkanDQpk5y0JdfKA9bAKqKTvWvOp2DQ6hQ4euP633vzhrmn7KF6XcgIGD/s1600/bogor+9.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">450 lukisan, di antaranya adalah; karya pelukis Indonesia <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basuki_Abdullah" title="Basuki Abdullah"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Basuki Abdullah</span></a>,
pelukis Rusia <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Makowski&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tadeusz Makowski (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Makowski</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Dezentj%C3%A9" title="Ernest Dezentjé"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ernest Dezentjé</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">360 patung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz3Vq9qNt-SXZ2jm9BHBqdereKDrpla0F77W1YKQ5eq_BB4Xh0OFLtFx8pEaDA5cpNSYXPjBVEXcEQ3DwoxCuRSTH8d8WN6YX4Zyp9yY62BMq_iUPXR5ue4O8uqbJ-5TXDm34CyeZ-brnO/s1600/bogor+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz3Vq9qNt-SXZ2jm9BHBqdereKDrpla0F77W1YKQ5eq_BB4Xh0OFLtFx8pEaDA5cpNSYXPjBVEXcEQ3DwoxCuRSTH8d8WN6YX4Zyp9yY62BMq_iUPXR5ue4O8uqbJ-5TXDm34CyeZ-brnO/s1600/bogor+11.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Susunan lantai keramik mewah yang tersebar di istana. Salah satu
dari koleksi keramik yang paling mengesankan, berasal dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rusia</span></a>, sumbangan dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_Menteri" title="Perdana Menteri"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perdana Menteri</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Khrushchev</span></a> di
tahun 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Hadiah hadiah kenegaraan, di antaranya adalah tengkorak harimau
berlapis perak, hadiah dari Perdana Menteri <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Thanom Kittikachorn</span></a> dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Thailand</span></a> pada
tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958" title="1958"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1958</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hotel Salak The Heritage Bogor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada
tahun 1856 berbarengan dengan dibangunnya kembali Istana Bogor, pemerintah
Belanda membangun sebuah Hotel yang dibangun sebagai rumah kediaman tamu di
Istana Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Hotel ini dulunya dikenal dengan Binnenhof Hotel atau
Bellevue Hotel, setelah Indonesia merdeka Hotel ini kemudian diserahkan ke
pemerintah Indonesia dan diberi nama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Hotel
Salak The Heritage Bogor</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang
mengambil nama dari Gunung Salak sebagai gunung terbesar di Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Hotel Salak The Heritage Bogor saat ini telah kelola secara
professional, seperti hotel hotel pada umumnya dengan fasilitas 120 kamar, 12
ruang rapat, 3 restoran, Kinanty Music Café, kolam renang, dan fasilitas
lainnya. Hotel Salak The Heritage tetap dijaga kelestariannya oleh pemerintah
sebagai salah satu saksi sejarah pendukung keberadaan Istana Bogor khususnya
dan sejarah panjang Kota Bogor umumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber : <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bogor">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Bogor</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-42047835831708651442012-04-27T04:55:00.000-07:002012-04-27T05:03:20.529-07:00K I M I A<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 20.1pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrLQbtTFFeNTPXUIjm5AwsRRmY8YOeQ9iBrIW1Y6d5NbmLeLNlu3EcIDzWCZhyUzhV6umgWKvYSu5R9yX2Vux-8Ev4n8Ge3bDoQ3TIZHJCfnPaHY6P0gUcdLXpuB7w_AXVlMClW5q2DmZj/s1600/KIMIA+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrLQbtTFFeNTPXUIjm5AwsRRmY8YOeQ9iBrIW1Y6d5NbmLeLNlu3EcIDzWCZhyUzhV6umgWKvYSu5R9yX2Vux-8Ev4n8Ge3bDoQ3TIZHJCfnPaHY6P0gUcdLXpuB7w_AXVlMClW5q2DmZj/s320/KIMIA+1.jpg" width="278" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Kimia</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">(dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">bahasa Arab</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">كيمياء</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, transliterasi:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>kimiya</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>= perubahan benda/zat atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">bahasa Yunani</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">χη</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">μ</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">εία</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,
transliterasi: khemeia) adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ilmu</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang mempelajari mengenai komposisi,
struktur, dan sifat zat atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">materi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dari skala<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">atom</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">hingga<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">molekul</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">serta perubahan atau transformasi serta
interaksi mereka untuk membentuk materi yang ditemukan sehari-hari. Kimia juga
mempelajari pemahaman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifat_kimia" title="Sifat kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">sifat</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dan
interaksi atom individu dengan tujuan untuk menerapkan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengetahuan" title="Pengetahuan"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">pengetahuan</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">tersebut pada tingkat makroskopik.
Menurut kimia modern,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifat_fisik" title="Sifat fisik"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">sifat fisik</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">materi umumnya ditentukan oleh struktur
pada tingkat atom yang pada gilirannya ditentukan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_antaratom" title="Gaya antaratom"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">gaya antaratom</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ikatan kimia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3m10ShKFEJRb3w1T-9bzu2IMSQvkrABVannNP48Q3nUofeRInxCvibXQHyyPb-Coq9kmNoDhWqk1Z7lHWRw66WRAfOgieoUEM0jhp9-iBFucQ1JztWfmHl-kHTj6Ynbw5xQmo3PVHepY/s1600/KIMIA+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3m10ShKFEJRb3w1T-9bzu2IMSQvkrABVannNP48Q3nUofeRInxCvibXQHyyPb-Coq9kmNoDhWqk1Z7lHWRw66WRAfOgieoUEM0jhp9-iBFucQ1JztWfmHl-kHTj6Ynbw5xQmo3PVHepY/s320/KIMIA+2.png" width="142" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pada
bidang pendidikan, Kimia selalu mulai dipelajari pada jenjang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_Menengah_Atas" title="Sekolah Menengah Atas"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Sekolah Menengah Atas</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.Kimia sering disebut
sebagai "ilmu andryan" karena menghubungkan berbagai ilmu lain,
seperti</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fisika</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_bahan" title="Ilmu bahan"><span style="color: #0b0080;">ilmu bahan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">nanoteknologi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">biologi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">farmasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kedokteran</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika"><span style="color: #0b0080;">bioinformatika</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">geologi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.
Koneksi ini timbul melalui berbagai subdisiplin yang memanfaatkan konsep-konsep
dari berbagai disiplin ilmu. Sebagai contoh,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_fisik" title="Kimia fisik"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia fisik</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">melibatkan penerapan prinsip-prinsip
fisika terhadap</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">materi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">pada
tingkat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="color: #0b0080;">atom</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="color: #0b0080;">molekul</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Kimia
berhubungan dengan interaksi materi yang dapat melibatkan dua zat atau antara
materi dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">energi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, terutama dalam hubungannya dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_pertama_termodinamika" title="Hukum pertama termodinamika"><span style="color: #0b0080;">hukum pertama termodinamika</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.
Kimia tradisional melibatkan interaksi antara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">zat kimia</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">reaksi kimia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, yang
mengubah satu atau lebih zat menjadi satu atau lebih zat lain. Kadang reaksi
ini digerakkan oleh pertimbangan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpi" title="Entalpi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">entalpi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,
seperti ketika dua zat berentalpi tinggi seperti hidrogen dan oksigen elemental
bereaksi membentuk air, zat dengan entalpi lebih rendah. Reaksi kimia dapat
difasilitasi dengan suatu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalis" title="Katalis"><span style="color: #0b0080;">katalis</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, yang
umumnya merupakan zat kimia lain yang terlibat dalam media reaksi tapi tidak
dikonsumsi (contohnya adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat"><span style="color: #0b0080;">asam sulfat</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang mengkatalisasi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis"><span style="color: #0b0080;">elektrolisis</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">air) atau fenomena immaterial (seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiasi_elektromagnet" title="Radiasi elektromagnet"><span style="color: #0b0080;">radiasi elektromagnet</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dalam reaksi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotokimia" title="Fotokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fotokimia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">).
Kimia tradisional juga menangani<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis" title="Analisis"><span style="color: #0b0080;">analisis</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">zat
kimia, baik di dalam maupun di luar suatu reaksi, seperti dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">spektroskopi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Semua
materi normal terdiri dari atom atau komponen-komponen<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatom" title="Subatom"><span style="color: #0b0080;">subatom</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang membentuk atom;<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton"><span style="color: #0b0080;">proton</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron"><span style="color: #0b0080;">elektron</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"><span style="color: #0b0080;">neutron</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">. Atom
dapat dikombinasikan untuk menghasilkan bentuk materi yang lebih kompleks
seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion"><span style="color: #0b0080;">ion</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="color: #0b0080;">molekul</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kristal</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.
Struktur dunia yang kita jalani sehari-hari dan sifat materi yang berinteraksi
dengan kita ditentukan oleh sifat zat-zat kimia dan interaksi antar mereka.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Baja</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">lebih
keras dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">besi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">karena atom-atomnya terikat dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal"><span style="color: #0b0080;">struktur kristal</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang lebih kaku.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Kayu</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">terbakar
atau mengalami<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasi" title="Oksidasi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">oksidasi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">cepat karena ia dapat bereaksi secara
spontan dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="color: #0b0080;">oksigen</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">pada suatu reaksi kimia jika berada di
atas suatu suhu tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Zat
cenderung diklasifikasikan berdasarkan energi, fase, atau komposisi kimianya.
Materi dapat digolongkan dalam 4 fase, urutan dari yang memiliki energi paling
rendah adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padat" title="Padat"><span style="color: #0b0080;">padat</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cair" title="Cair"><span style="color: #0b0080;">cair</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="color: #0b0080;">gas</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma"><span style="color: #0b0080;">plasma</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">. Dari keempat jenis fase ini, fase
plasma hanya dapat ditemui di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luar_angkasa" title="Luar angkasa"><span style="color: #0b0080;">luar angkasa</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang berupa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang"><span style="color: #0b0080;">bintang</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,
karena kebutuhan energinya yang teramat besar. Zat padat memiliki struktur
tetap pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar"><span style="color: #0b0080;">suhu kamar</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang dapat melawan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">gravitasi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">atau gaya lemah lain yang mencoba
mengubahnya. Zat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cair" title="Cair"><span style="color: #0b0080;">cair</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">memiliki<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">ikatan</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang terbatas, tanpa struktur, dan akan
mengalir bersama gravitasi.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Gas</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">tidak memiliki ikatan dan bertindak
sebagai partikel bebas. Sementara itu, plasma hanya terdiri dari ion-ion yang
bergerak bebas; pasokan energi yang berlebih mencegah ion-ion ini bersatu
menjadi partikel unsur. Satu cara untuk membedakan ketiga fase pertama adalah
dengan volume dan bentuknya: kasarnya, zat padat memeliki volume dan bentuk
yang tetap, zat cair memiliki volume tetap tapi tanpa bentuk yang tetap,
sedangkan gas tidak memiliki baik volume ataupun bentuk yang tetap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Air</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(H<sub>2</sub>O) berbentuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairan" title="Cairan"><span style="color: #0b0080;">cairan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dalam
suhu kamar karena molekul-molekulnya terikat oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_antarmolekul" title="Gaya antarmolekul"><span style="color: #0b0080;">gaya antarmolekul</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_Hidrogen" title="Ikatan Hidrogen"><span style="color: #0b0080;">ikatan Hidrogen</span></a>. Di sisi lain,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida"><span style="color: #0b0080;">hidrogen sulfida</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(H<sub>2</sub>S) berbentuk gas pada
suhu kamar dan tekanan standar, karena molekul-molekulnya terikat dengan
interaksi dwikutub (<i>dipole</i>) yang lebih lemah. Ikatan hidrogen pada air
memiliki cukup energi untuk mempertahankan molekul air untuk tidak terpisah
satu sama lain, tapi tidak untuk mengalir, yang menjadikannya berwujud cairan
dalam suhu antara 0 °<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius"><span style="color: #0b0080;">C</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sampai 100 °C pada permukaan
laut. Menurunkan suhu atau energi lebih lanjut mengizinkan organisasi bentuk
yang lebih erat, menghasilkan suatu zat padat, dan melepaskan energi.
Peningkatan energi akan mencairkan es walaupun suhu tidak akan berubah sampai
semua es cair. Peningkatan suhu air pada gilirannya akan menyebabkannya
mendidih (lihat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panas_penguapan" title="Panas penguapan"><span style="color: #0b0080;">panas penguapan</span></a>) sewaktu terdapat cukup energi
untuk mengatasi gaya tarik antarmolekul dan selanjutnya memungkinkan molekul
untuk bergerak menjauhi satu sama lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmuwan" title="Ilmuwan"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Ilmuwan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang
mempelajari kimia sering disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiawan" title="Kimiawan"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimiawan</span></a>. Sebagian besar kimiawan melakukan
spesialisasi dalam satu atau lebih subdisiplin. Kimia yang diajarkan pada
sekolah menengah sering disebut "kimia umum" dan ditujukan sebagai
pengantar terhadap banyak konsep-konsep dasar dan untuk memberikan pelajar alat
untuk melanjutkan ke subjek lanjutannya. Banyak konsep yang dipresentasikan
pada tingkat ini sering dianggap tak lengkap dan tidak akurat secara teknis.
Walaupun demikian, hal tersebut merupakan alat yang luar biasa. Kimiawan secara
reguler menggunakan alat dan penjelasan yang sederhana dan elegan ini dalam
karya mereka, karena terbukti mampu secara akurat membuat model reaktivitas
kimia yang sangat bervariasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Ilmu
kimia secara sejarah merupakan pengembangan baru, tapi ilmu ini berakar pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">alkimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang
telah dipraktikkan selama berabad-abad di seluruh dunia.</span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.1pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.1pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1. Sejarah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Akar
ilmu kimia dapat dilacak hingga fenomena<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran" title="Pembakaran"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">pembakaran</span></a>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api" title="Api"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Api</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan kekuatan mistik yang
mengubah suatu zat menjadi zat lain dan karenanya merupakan perhatian utama
umat manusia. Adalah api yang menuntun manusia pada penemuan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">besi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelas" title="Gelas"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">gelas</span></a>. Setelah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">emas</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ditemukan dan menjadi logam berharga,
banyak orang yang tertarik menemukan metode yang dapat mengubah zat lain
menjadi emas. Hal ini menciptakan suatu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosains" title="Protosains"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">protosains</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Alkimia</span></a>.
Alkimia dipraktikkan oleh banyak kebudayaan sepanjang sejarah dan sering
mengandung campuran<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">filsafat</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistisisme" title="Mistisisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">mistisisme</span></a>,
dan protosains.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Alkimiawan
menemukan banyak<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proses_kimia" title="Proses kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">proses kimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang menuntun pada pengembangan kimia
modern. Seiring berjalannya sejarah, alkimiawan-alkimiawan terkemuka (terutama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musa_Jabir_bin_Hayyan" title="Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan</span></a>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Paracelsus</span></a>)
mengembangkan alkimia menjauh dari filsafat dan mistisisme dan mengembangkan
pendekatan yang lebih sistematik dan ilmiah. Alkimiawan pertama yang dianggap
menerapkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metode_ilmiah" title="Metode ilmiah"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">metode ilmiah</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>terhadap alkimia dan membedakan kimia
dan alkimia adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Robert Boyle</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(1627–1691). Walaupun demikian, kimia
seperti yang kita ketahui sekarang diciptakan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Antoine
Lavoisier</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dengan<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_kekekalan_massa" title="Hukum kekekalan massa"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hukum kekekalan massanya</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pada tahun 1783.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Penemuan unsur kimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>memiliki sejarah yang panjang yang
mencapai puncaknya dengan diciptakannya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">tabel periodik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>unsur kimia oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleyev" title="Dmitri Mendeleyev"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Dmitri
Mendeleyev</span></a>pada tahun 1869.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_dalam_Kimia" title="Penghargaan Nobel dalam Kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Penghargaan Nobel dalam Kimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang diciptakan pada tahun 1901
memberikan gambaran bagus mengenai penemuan kimia selama 100 tahun terakhir.
Pada bagian awal abad ke-20, sifat subatomik atom diungkapkan dan ilmu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">mekanika kuantum</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mulai menjelaskan sifat fisik ikatan
kimia. Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, kimia telah berkembang sampai dapat
memahami dan memprediksi aspek-aspek<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">biologi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang melebar ke bidang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">biokimia</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_kimia" title="Industri kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Industri kimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mewakili suatu aktivitas ekonomi yang
penting. Pada tahun 2004, produsen bahan kimia 50 teratas global memiliki
penjualan mencapai 587 bilyun dolar AS dengan margin keuntungan 8,1% dan
pengeluaran<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riset_dan_pengembangan" title="Riset dan pengembangan"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">riset dan pengembangan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>2,1% dari total penjualan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">2. Cabang ilmu Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Kimia
umumnya dibagi menjadi beberapa bidang utama. Terdapat pula beberapa cabang
antar-bidang dan cabang-cabang yang lebih khusus dalam kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Lima
Cabang Utama:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_analitik" title="Kimia analitik"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Kimia analitik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis" title="Analisis"><span style="color: #0b0080;">analisis</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>cuplikan
bahan untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susunan_kimia" title="Susunan kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">susunan kimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur" title="Struktur"><span style="color: #0b0080;">strukturnya</span></a>. Kimia analitik melibatkan metode
eksperimen standar dalam kimia. Metode-metode ini dapat digunakan dalam semua
subdisiplin lain dari kimia, kecuali untuk kimia teori murni.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Biokimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mempelajari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">senyawa kimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">reaksi kimia</span></a>, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksi" title="Interaksi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">interaksi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>kimia
yang terjadi dalam<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme"><span style="color: #0b0080;">organisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>hidup. Biokimia dan kimia organik
berhubungan sangat erat, seperti dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_medisinal" title="Kimia medisinal"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia medisinal</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurokimia" title="Neurokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">neurokimia</span></a>. Biokimia juga berhubungan dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekular" title="Biologi molekular"><span style="color: #0b0080;">biologi molekular</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fisiologi</span></a>, dan<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika"><span style="color: #0b0080;">genetika</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Kimia anorganik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mengkaji sifat-sifat dan reaksi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_anorganik" title="Senyawa anorganik"><span style="color: #0b0080;">senyawa anorganik</span></a>. Perbedaan antara bidang
organik dan anorganik tidaklah mutlak dan banyak terdapat tumpang tindih,
khususnya dalam bidang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia organologam</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Kimia organik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mengkaji struktur, sifat, komposisi,
mekanisme, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">reaksi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik"><span style="color: #0b0080;">senyawa organik</span></a>. Suatu senyawa organik
didefinisikan sebagai segala senyawa yang berdasarkan rantai karbon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_fisik" title="Kimia fisik"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Kimia fisik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mengkaji
dasar fisik sistem dan proses kimia, khususnya energitika dan dinamika sistem
dan proses tersebut. Bidang-bidang penting dalam kajian ini di antaranya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika_kimia" title="Termodinamika kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">termodinamika kimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetika_kimia" title="Kinetika kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kinetika kimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">elektrokimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_statistika" title="Mekanika statistika"><span style="color: #0b0080;">mekanika statistika</span></a>,
dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">spektroskopi</span></a>. Kimia fisik memiliki banyak
tumpang tindih dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_molekular" title="Fisika molekular"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fisika molekular</span></a>. Kimia fisik melibatkan
penggunaan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkulus" title="Kalkulus"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kalkulus</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>untuk
menurunkan persamaan, dan biasanya berhubungan dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" title="Kimia kuantum"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia kuantum</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>serta kimia teori.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Cabang
- cabang Ilmu Kimia yang merupakan tumpang-tindih satu atau lebih lima cabang
utama:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimia_Material&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kimia Material (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858;">Kimia
Material</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>menyangkut
bagaimana menyiapkan, mengkarakterisasi, dan memahami cara kerja suatu bahan
dengan kegunaan praktis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_teori" title="Kimia teori"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Kimia teori</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah
studi kimia melalui penjabaran teori dasar (biasanya dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika"><span style="color: #0b0080;">matematika</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fisika</span></a>). Secara spesifik, penerapan<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum"><span style="color: #0b0080;">mekanika kuantum</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dalam kimia disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" title="Kimia kuantum"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia kuantum</span></a>. Sejak akhir<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Perang Dunia II</span></a>, perkembangan komputer telah
memfasilitasi pengembangan sistematik<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_komputasi" title="Kimia komputasi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia komputasi</span></a>, yang merupakan seni
pengembangan dan penerapan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_komputer" title="Program komputer"><span style="color: #0b0080;">program komputer</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan
kimia. Kimia teori memiliki banyak tumpang tindih (secara teori dan eksperimen)
dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_benda_kondensi" title="Fisika benda kondensi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fisika benda kondensi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_molekular" title="Fisika molekular"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fisika molekular</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_nuklir" title="Kimia nuklir"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Kimia nuklir</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mengkaji
bagaimana partikel subatom bergabung dan membentuk inti.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutasi" title="Transmutasi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Transmutasi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>modern
adalah bagian terbesar dari kimia nuklir dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_nuklida" title="Tabel nuklida"><span style="color: #0b0080;">tabel nuklida</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan hasil sekaligus perangkat
untuk bidang ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_Organik_Bahan_Alam" title="Kimia Organik Bahan Alam"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Kimia Organik
Bahan Alam</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mempelajari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik"><span style="color: #0b0080;">senyawa organik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang disintesis secara alami oleh
alam, khususnya makhluk hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Bidang lain antara lain adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrokimia" title="Astrokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">astrokimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekular" title="Biologi molekular"><span style="color: #0b0080;">biologi molekular</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">elektrokimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">farmakologi</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitokimia" title="Fitokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fitokimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotokimia" title="Fotokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fotokimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika_molekular" title="Genetika molekular"><span style="color: #0b0080;">genetika molekular</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geokimia" title="Geokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">geokimia</span></a>,<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_bahan" title="Ilmu bahan"><span style="color: #0b0080;">ilmu bahan</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimia_aliran&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kimia aliran (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858;">kimia
aliran</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia atmosfer</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_benda_padat" title="Kimia benda padat"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia benda padat</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimia_hijau&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kimia hijau (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858;">kimia
hijau</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_inti" title="Kimia inti"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia inti</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_medisinal" title="Kimia medisinal"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia medisinal</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_komputasi" title="Kimia komputasi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia komputasi</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_lingkungan" title="Kimia lingkungan"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia lingkungan</span></a>,<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia organologam</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_permukaan" title="Kimia permukaan"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia permukaan</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_polimer" title="Kimia polimer"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia polimer</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_supramolekular" title="Kimia supramolekular"><span style="color: #0b0080;">kimia supramolekular</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">nanoteknologi</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrokimia" title="Petrokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">petrokimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_kimia" title="Sejarah kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">sejarah kimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sonokimia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858;">sonokimia</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_kimia" title="Teknik kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">teknik kimia</span></a>, serta<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">termokimia</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Konsep Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Tatanama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Tatanama kimia</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">merujuk
pada sistem penamaan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">senyawa kimia</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">. Telah dibuat sistem penamaan spesies kimia yang terdefinisi
dengan baik.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">Senyawa
organik</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">diberi nama menurut
sistem<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatanama_organik" title="Tatanama organik"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">tatanama
organik</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_anorganik" title="Senyawa anorganik"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">Senyawa
anorganik</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dinamai menurut sistem<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatanama_anorganik" title="Tatanama anorganik"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">tatanama anorganik</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Atom</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Atom</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">adalah
suatu kumpulan materi yang terdiri atas<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">inti</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang
bermuatan positif, yang biasanya mengandung<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">proton</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">neutron</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, dan beberapa elektron di sekitarnya yang mengimbangi muatan
positif inti. Atom juga merupakan satuan terkecil yang dapat diuraikan dari
suatu unsur dan masih mempertahankan sifatnya, terbentuk dari inti yang rapat
dan bermuatan positif dikelilingi oleh suatu sistem elektron.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Unsur</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Unsur</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">adalah
sekelompok atom yang memiliki jumlah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">proton</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang sama pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">intinya</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">. Jumlah ini disebut sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">nomor atom</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">unsur.
Sebagai contoh, semua atom yang memiliki 6 proton pada intinya adalah atom dari
unsur kimia<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">karbon</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, dan semua atom yang
memiliki 92 proton pada intinya adalah atom unsur<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">uranium</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidl6_xNq_4m8VjhYwuSvsigxK4YZpiVlZkAyj1pPFouML_ZNvNmm_dBcEajy9NtuRfOPgWMi04OlZ4IZWmlOiz-1t7jTSKdtUCr20JCIzEqkl-iYz0ot1MU6b4iFEeP8SaAGKVzkweoLsh/s1600/KIMIA+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidl6_xNq_4m8VjhYwuSvsigxK4YZpiVlZkAyj1pPFouML_ZNvNmm_dBcEajy9NtuRfOPgWMi04OlZ4IZWmlOiz-1t7jTSKdtUCr20JCIzEqkl-iYz0ot1MU6b4iFEeP8SaAGKVzkweoLsh/s1600/KIMIA+8.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Ion</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Ion</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">atau
spesies bermuatan, atau suatu atom atau molekul yang kehilangan atau
mendapatkan satu atau lebih elektron.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kation" title="Kation"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">Kation</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">bermuatan positif
(misalnya kation<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">natrium</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Na<sup>+</sup>) dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion" title="Anion"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">anion</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">bermuatan negatif (misalnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorida" title="Klorida"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">klorida</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Cl<sup>−</sup>) dapat
membentuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam" title="Garam"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">garam</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">netral (misalnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_klorida" title="Natrium klorida"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">natrium
klorida</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, NaCl). Contoh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_poliatom" title="Ion poliatom"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">ion poliatom</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang
tidak terpecah sewaktu reaksi asam-basa adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksida" title="Hidroksida"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">hidroksida</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">(OH<sup>−</sup>)
dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">fosfat</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">(PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Senyawa</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Senyawa</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">merupakan
suatu zat yang dibentuk oleh dua atau lebih<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur" title="Unsur"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">unsur</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>perbandingan tetap</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang menentukan susunannya. sebagai
contoh,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">air</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">merupakan senyawa yang
mengandung<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">hidrogen</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">oksigen</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dengan
perbandingan dua terhadap satu. Senyawa dibentuk dan diuraikan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">reaksi kimia</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Molekul</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Molekul</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">adalah
bagian terkecil dan tidak terpecah dari suatu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">senyawa kimia</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">murni
yang masih mempertahankan sifat kimia dan fisik yang unik. Suatu molekul
terdiri dari dua atau lebih<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">atom</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">terikat</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">satu
sama lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Zat Kimia</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Suatu 'zat kimia'
dapat berupa suatu unsur, senyawa, atau campuran senyawa-senyawa, unsur-unsur,
atau senyawa dan unsur. Sebagian besar materi yang kita temukan dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari merupakan suatu bentuk campuran, misalnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">air</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloy" title="Aloy"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">aloy</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomassa" title="Biomassa"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">biomassa</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Ikatan Kimia</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlOIKTQVBaLQOvy0b10-nsG74K4B-6jFpvkAu-JWIIlYLOBXFt75OffZL34qNGPMMn6J9FrPrGcJtR041FrS4FWAdwLXO2HswKShNPyMU9nlu_bueMyZscKajR91-tNIfBVrvYbNgiko98/s1600/KIMIA+9.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlOIKTQVBaLQOvy0b10-nsG74K4B-6jFpvkAu-JWIIlYLOBXFt75OffZL34qNGPMMn6J9FrPrGcJtR041FrS4FWAdwLXO2HswKShNPyMU9nlu_bueMyZscKajR91-tNIfBVrvYbNgiko98/s320/KIMIA+9.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Ikatan kimia</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">merupakan
gaya yang menahan berkumpulnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">atom</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">-atom dalam</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">molekul</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">kristal</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">. Pada banyak senyawa sederhana,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_ikatan_valensi" title="Teori ikatan valensi"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">teori ikatan valensi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dan konsep<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">bilangan
oksidasi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dapat digunakan untuk
menduga struktur molekular dan susunannya. Serupa dengan ini, teori-teori dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_klasik" title="Fisika klasik"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">fisika klasik</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dapat
digunakan untuk menduga banyak dari struktur ionik. Pada senyawa yang lebih
kompleks/rumit, seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompleks" title="Kompleks"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">kompleks</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">logam,
teori ikatan valensi tidak dapat digunakan karena membutuhken pemahaman yang
lebih dalam dengan basis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0;">mekanika
kuantum</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Wujud</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Zat</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Fase</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">adalah
kumpulan keadaan sebuah sistem fisik makroskopis yang relatif serbasama baik
itu komposisi kimianya maupun sifat-sifat fisikanya (misalnya masa jenis,
struktur kristal, indeks refraksi, dan lain sebagainya). Contoh keadaan fase
yang kita kenal adalah padatan, cair, dan gas. Keadaan fase yang lain yang misalnya
plasma, kondensasi Bose-Einstein, dan kondensasi Fermion. Keadaan fase dari
material magnetik adalah </span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetik" title="Paramagnetik"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">paramagnetik</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feromagnetik" title="Feromagnetik"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">feromagnetik</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetik" title="Diamagnetik"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">diamagnetik</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi Kimia</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMXJCsQP4UiBuPwzSq-2J6FVDiqvVXyxNkSJmyRoGletduVBp3WJxErRn7Fj9j-4ORXrF0AymCYDP95J6nVNcXlMY3N-SMME3X1k3JSWlUAqZuBKLFgTQrDB9pVRPU9VXf9enTsPQzc6e1/s1600/KIMIA+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMXJCsQP4UiBuPwzSq-2J6FVDiqvVXyxNkSJmyRoGletduVBp3WJxErRn7Fj9j-4ORXrF0AymCYDP95J6nVNcXlMY3N-SMME3X1k3JSWlUAqZuBKLFgTQrDB9pVRPU9VXf9enTsPQzc6e1/s320/KIMIA+10.jpg" width="308" /></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi kimia</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah transformasi/perubahan dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur" title="Struktur"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">struktur</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">molekul</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Reaksi ini bisa menghasilkan penggabungan molekul membentuk molekul
yang lebih besar, pembelahan molekul menjadi dua atau lebih molekul yang lebih
kecil, atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penataulangan" title="Penataulangan"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">penataulangan</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">atom</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-atom dalam molekul. Reaksi kimia selalu melibatkan terbentuk atau
terputusnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">ikatan kimia</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kimia Kuantum</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Kimia
kuantum</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">secara
matematis menjelaskan kelakuan dasar<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">materi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pada tingkat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">molekul</span></a>.
Secara prinsip, dimungkinkan untuk menjelaskan semua sistem kimia dengan
menggunakan teori ini. Dalam praktiknya, hanya sistem kimia paling sederhana
yang dapat secara realistis diinvestigasi dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">mekanika kuantum</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>murni dan harus dilakukan hampiran
untuk sebagian besar tujuan praktis (misalnya,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree-Fock" title="Hartree-Fock"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Hartree-Fock</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasca-Hartree-Fock" title="Pasca-Hartree-Fock"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">pasca-Hartree-Fock</span></a>, atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_fungsi_kerapatan" title="Teori fungsi kerapatan"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">teori fungsi kerapatan</span></a>, lihat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_komputasi" title="Kimia komputasi"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">kimia komputasi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>untuk detilnya). Karenanya, pemahaman
mendalam mekanika kuantum tidak diperlukan bagi sebagian besar bidang kimia
karena implikasi penting dari teori (terutama hampiran orbital) dapat dipahami
dan diterapkan dengan lebih sederhana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Dalam
mekanika kuantum (beberapa penerapan dalam kimia komputasi dan kimia kuantum),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonan" title="Hamiltonan"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Hamiltonan</span></a>,
atau keadaan fisik, dari partikel dapat dinyatakan sebagai penjumlahan dua
operator, satu berhubungan dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_kinetik" title="Energi kinetik"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">energi kinetik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan satunya dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_potensial" title="Energi potensial"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">energi potensial</span></a>.
Hamiltonan dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_gelombang_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Persamaan gelombang Schrödinger"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">persamaan gelombang Schrödinger</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang digunakan dalam kimia kuantum
tidak memiliki terminologi bagi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putaran_elektron" title="Putaran elektron"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">putaran elektron</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Penyelesaian
persamaan Schrödinger untuk atom<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hidrogen</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>memberikan bentuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_gelombang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Persamaan gelombang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;">persamaan gelombang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>untuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">orbital atom</span></a>,
dan energi relatif dari orbital 1s, 2s, 2p, dan 3p. Hampiran orbital dapat
digunakan untuk memahami atom lainnya seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">helium</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">litium</span></a>, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">karbon</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Hukum Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Hukum-hukum kimia</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">sebenarnya
merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_fisika" title="Hukum fisika"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">hukum fisika</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang
diterapkan dalam sistem kimia. Konsep yang paling mendasar dalam kimia adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_kekekalan_massa" title="Hukum kekekalan massa"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">Hukum kekekalan massa</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang
menyatakan bahwa tidak ada perubahan jumlah zat yang terukur pada saat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">reaksi kimia</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">biasa.
Fisika modern menunjukkan bahwa sebenarnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">energilah</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">yang kekal, dan bahwa
energi dan massa saling<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein#Kesetaraan_energi" title="Einstein"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">berkaitan</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekekalan_energi" title="Kekekalan energi"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">Kekekalan
energi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">ini mengarahkan kepada
pentingnya konsep<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesetimbangan" title="Kesetimbangan"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">kesetimbangan</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">termodinamika</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetika" title="Kinetika"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">kinetika</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber : </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia"><span style="color: red;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-70276329102667175322012-04-27T04:15:00.000-07:002012-04-27T04:18:15.852-07:00Sistem Koloid<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Sistem
koloid</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">(selanjutnya
disingkat "koloid" saja) merupakan suatu bentuk campuran (</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_dispersi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sistem dispersi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none;">sistem dispersi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">) dua
atau lebih zat yang bersifat homogen namun memiliki ukuran partikel terdispersi
yang cukup besar (</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_-_100_nm&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1 - 100 nm (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none;">1 - 100 nm</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">),
sehingga terkena<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efek_Tyndall&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Efek Tyndall (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none;">efek Tyndall</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.
Bersifat homogen berarti partikel terdispersi tidak terpengaruh oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya" title="Gaya"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">gaya</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">gravitasi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atau gaya lain yang dikenakan
kepadanya; sehingga tidak terjadi pengendapan, misalnya. Sifat homogen ini juga
dimiliki oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">larutan</span></a>,
namun tidak dimiliki oleh campuran biasa (</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensi" title="Suspensi"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none;">suspensi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Koloid
mudah dijumpai di mana-mana:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">susu</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">agar-agar</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">tinta</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">sampo</span></a>, serta<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awan" title="Awan"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">awan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan contoh-contoh koloid yang
dapat dijumpai sehari-hari.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Sitoplasma</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">sel</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>juga merupakan sistem koloid.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimia_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kimia koloid (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none;">Kimia koloid</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">menjadi kajian tersendiri dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">kimia</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">industri karena kepentingannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 16pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 16pt;">Macam Macam Koloid<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Koloid memiliki bentuk bermacam-macam,
tergantung dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase" title="Fase"><span style="color: #0b0080;">fase</span></a> zat pendispersi dan zat
terdispersinya. Beberapa jenis koloid:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJwy3Jpjne-Qjsqm2KoP_ih0HLLVXBV4N_jbGzkELWsSUCf-jogLZ8LZyrJHcPZCZ8pjXzWw9FuTikRHoZVc1xA1niE3FkUuEGXDcfifcMn1jUlY0KyS7XtpqImPRAGhRy5OaZnqYEliuV/s1600/KOLOID.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJwy3Jpjne-Qjsqm2KoP_ih0HLLVXBV4N_jbGzkELWsSUCf-jogLZ8LZyrJHcPZCZ8pjXzWw9FuTikRHoZVc1xA1niE3FkUuEGXDcfifcMn1jUlY0KyS7XtpqImPRAGhRy5OaZnqYEliuV/s320/KOLOID.jpg" width="252" /></a></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Aerosol</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> yang memiliki zat pendispersi berupa gas. Aerosol yang
memiliki zat terdispersi cair disebut aerosol cair (contoh: kabut dan awan)
sedangkan yang memiliki zat terdispersi padat disebut aerosol padat (contoh:
asap dan debu dalam udara).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sol (halaman belum tersedia)">Sol</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> Sistem koloid dari partikel padat
yang terdispersi dalam zat cair. (Contoh: Air sungai, sol sabun, sol detergen
dan tinta).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi" title="Emulsi"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Emulsi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> Sistem koloid dari zat cair yang
terdispersi dalam zat cair lain, namun kedua zat cair itu tidak saling
melarutkan. (Contoh: santan, susu, mayonaise, dan minyak ikan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buih" title="Buih"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Buih</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> Sistem Koloid dari gas yang
terdispersi dalam zat cair. (Contoh: pada pengolahan bijih logam, alat pemadam
kebakaran, kosmetik dan lainnya).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Gel</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> sistem koloid kaku atau setengah
padat dan setengah cair. (Contoh: agar-agar, Lem).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 16pt;">2. Sifat Sifat Koloid</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Efek Tyndall</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Efek Tyndall</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> ialah gejala penghamburan berkas
sinar (cahaya) oleh partikel-partikel koloid. Hal ini disebabkan karena ukuran
molekul koloid yang cukup besar. Efek tyndall ini ditemukan oleh </span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall"><span style="color: #0b0080;">John Tyndall</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> (1820-1893), seorang ahli fisika Inggris. Oleh karena
itu sifat itu disebut efek tyndall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Efek tyndall adalah efek yang terjadi
jika suatu larutan terkena sinar. Pada saat larutan sejati disinari dengan
cahaya, maka larutan tersebut tidak akan menghamburkan cahaya, sedangkan pada
sistem koloid, cahaya akan dihamburkan. hal itu terjadi karena
partikel-partikel koloid mempunyai partikel-partikel yang relatif besar untuk
dapat menghamburkan sinar tersebut. Sebaliknya, pada larutan sejati,
partikel-partikelnya relatif kecil sehingga hamburan yang terjadi hanya sedikit
dan sangat sulit diamati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Gerak Brown</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Gerak Brown</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> ialah gerakan partikel-partikel
koloid yang senantiasa bergerak lurus tapi tidak menentu (gerak acak/tidak
beraturan). Jika kita amati koloid dibawah mikroskop ultra, maka kita akan
melihat bahwa partikel-partikel tersebut akan bergerak membentuk zigzag.
Pergerakan zigzag ini dinamakan gerak Brown. Partikel-partikel suatu zat
senantiasa bergerak. Gerakan tersebut dapat bersifat acak seperti pada zat cair
dan gas( dinamakan gerak brown), sedangkan pada zat padat hanya <i>beroszillasi
di tempat</i> ( tidak termasuk gerak brown ). Untuk koloid dengan medium
pendispersi zat cair atau gas, pergerakan partikel-partikel akan menghasilkan
tumbukan dengan partikel-partikel koloid itu sendiri. Tumbukan tersebut
berlangsung dari segala arah. Oleh karena ukuran partikel cukup kecil, maka
tumbukan yang terjadi cenderung tidak seimbang. Sehingga terdapat suatu
resultan tumbukan yang menyebabkan perubahan arah gerak partikel sehingga
terjadi gerak zigzag atau gerak Brown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Semakin kecil ukuran partikel koloid,
semakin cepat gerak Brown yang terjadi. Demikian pula, semakin besar ukuran partikel
koloid, semakin lambat gerak Brown yang terjadi. Hal ini menjelaskan mengapa
gerak Brown sulit diamati dalam larutan dan tidak ditemukan dalam campuran
heterogen zat cair dengan zat padat (suspensi). Gerak Brown juga dipengaruhi
oleh suhu. </span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Semakin tinggi suhu sistem koloid, maka semakin besar energi kinetik
yang dimiliki partikel-partikel medium pendispersinya. Akibatnya, gerak Brown
dari partikel-partikel fase terdispersinya semakin cepat. Demikian pula
sebaliknya, semakin rendah suhu sistem koloid, maka gerak Brown semakin lambat.</span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Adsorpsi</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Adsorpsi</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">ialah peristiwa penyerapan partikel
atau ion atau senyawa lain pada permukaan partikel koloid yang disebabkan oleh
luasnya permukaan partikel. (Catatan : Adsorpsi harus dibedakan dengan
absorpsi yang artinya penyerapan yang terjadi di dalam suatu partikel).
Contoh : (i) Koloid Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub> bermuatan positif karena
permukaannya menyerap ion H+. (ii) Koloid As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> bermuatan
negatif karena permukaannya menyerap ion S2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Muatan koloid</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Dikenal dua macam koloid, yaitu </span><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">koloid bermuatan positif dan koloid bermuatan negatif.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Koagulasi koloid</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Koagulasi</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> adalah penggumpalan partikel koloid dan membentuk endapan.
Dengan terjadinya koagulasi, berarti zat terdispersi tidak lagi membentuk
koloid. Koagulasi dapat terjadi secara fisik seperti pemanasan, pendinginan dan
pengadukan atau secara kimia seperti penambahan elektrolit, pencampuran koloid
yang berbeda muatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Koloid pelindung</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Koloid pelindung</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> ialah koloid yang mempunyai sifat dapat melindungi koloid
lain dari proses koagulasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Dialisis</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Dialisis</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> ialah pemisahan koloid dari ion-ion pengganggu dengan cara
ini disebut proses dialisis. Yaitu dengan mengalirkan cairan yang tercampur
dengan koloid melalui membran semi permeable yang berfungsi sebagai penyaring.
Membran semi permeable ini dapat dilewati cairan tetapi tidak dapat dilewati
koloid, sehingga koloid dan cairan akan berpisah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Elektroforesis</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Elektroferesis</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;"> ialah peristiwa pemisahan partikel koloid yang bermuatan
dengan menggunakan arus listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Susu adalah koloid ter</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi" title="Emulsi"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">emulsi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak_susu" title="Lemak susu"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">lemak susu</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;">air</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 14pt;">Sumber : <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/">http://id.wikipedia.org</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-49526893830112329552012-04-27T04:11:00.001-07:002012-04-27T04:11:49.278-07:00Justin Bieber menyebut Indonesia negeri "Antah Berantah"<br />
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<b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Justin Bieber</span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <span style="color: #0070c0;">bersama</span> <b><span style="color: #7030a0;">manajernya Scotter Braun</span></b> <span style="color: #0070c0;">menyebut Indonesia adalah</span> <b><span style="color: #7030a0;">negeri antah berantah</span>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkYQ8CQcXZriztlO5NQxx7vkJ0bwpdJEZVr5acVA-Pz6iyZ9S7SaqQfw1Dzkq_TsB9TVL4_xShKEQiRsQDDzlric5a4l7bLSV2XWMBGZoVM_cpFsTog8IprDcXaYYj21SK9QT08_eCks0r/s1600/Konser-Justin-Bieber-di-Sentul-ok.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkYQ8CQcXZriztlO5NQxx7vkJ0bwpdJEZVr5acVA-Pz6iyZ9S7SaqQfw1Dzkq_TsB9TVL4_xShKEQiRsQDDzlric5a4l7bLSV2XWMBGZoVM_cpFsTog8IprDcXaYYj21SK9QT08_eCks0r/s320/Konser-Justin-Bieber-di-Sentul-ok.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">"Aku
beberapa kali berada di negara-negara yang tidak jelas," ungkapnya. Tak
lama, sang manajer menyebutkan 'Indonesia'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dikutip
dari Daily Mirror, Bieber kalimatnya itu terucap saat remaja 18 tahun itu
dan manajernya mempromosikan album terbarunya 'Believe'. Ternyata salah
satu lagunya yaitu yang berjudul Alright diakui Bieber direkam di salah
satu studio musik di Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Rekaman
ini saat Bieber menggelar konser di Indonesia pada tahun lalu. Bieber
mengungkapkan Indonesia adalah random (tidak jelas).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sebelumnya,
aktor Taylor Kitsch menyebut Indonesia adalah negara suap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Walaupun Justin tidak menyebut langsung kata Indonesia
yang justru diucapkan oleh sang manajer, komentar tersebut langsung memancing
emosi banyak fansnya khususnya yang berada di Indonesia.</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber : <a href="http://www.tribunnews.com/2012/04/26/justin-bieber-sebut-indonesia-negara-antah-berantah">http://www.tribunnews.com/2012/04/26/justin-bieber-sebut-indonesia-negara-antah-berantah</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-29832211028269687572012-04-10T04:23:00.002-07:002012-04-10T04:23:47.632-07:00Penemuan ALIEN oleh NASA<br />
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<span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Leelawadee;">Makhluk Alien yang dikenal melalui film tergambar
sosok yang mengerikan bentuknya walau mirip manusia tapi banyak keunikan.
Ternyata makhluk tersebut menurut NASA benar benar ada bahkan terdapat sekitar
400 planet sebagai tempat tinggalnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh6j5KW_FrMvU0g9VTNdDX9d4gxrq5IqepySkYMcViDgRRj96Kul2aijzpb-cyPZaSODGpAb5Ax7ooGmks5PewZXDQLcfPbbtdZRS-IY3yOwaN6i-TSXvaMLBA8VyS_ZgchLSjXTSRTnPR/s1600/alien-300x238.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh6j5KW_FrMvU0g9VTNdDX9d4gxrq5IqepySkYMcViDgRRj96Kul2aijzpb-cyPZaSODGpAb5Ax7ooGmks5PewZXDQLcfPbbtdZRS-IY3yOwaN6i-TSXvaMLBA8VyS_ZgchLSjXTSRTnPR/s1600/alien-300x238.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Leelawadee;">Penemuan ini secara tak sengaja
ketika pesawat luar angkasa Kepler, NASA mencari planet mirip bumi tapi malah
menemukan sekitar 400 bintang yang diduga sebagai tempat tinggal Alien diantara
156 ribu bintang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Leelawadee;">Penemuan ini diumumkan oleh NASA sebagai hasil bagian
penelusuran ruang angkasa selama 43 hari oleh tim peneliti Kepler. Pesawat
Kepler memonitor bintang untuk melihat terjadinya perubahan cahaya dan
mengindikasikan keberadaan planet milik Alien yang melewati bumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Leelawadee;">Ini merupakan data paling berharga, terpanjang dan
terbesar mengenai set fotometri bintang,” ujar David Koch, wakil penyelidik
utama misi dari Ames Research Center, NASA, di Moffett Field,
California. David juga mensinyalir bahwa penemuan ini akan terus
berkembang semakin mendekati kebenaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Leelawadee;">Dengan mengukur penurunan cahaya bintang saat planet
melintas atau transit di depan mereka, astronom dapat mengurangi jumlah planet
itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Leelawadee;">Berdasarkan data tersebut, astronom telah menemukan lebih
dari 400 planet yang mungkin didiami oleh alien di sekitar bintang dalam sistem
tata surya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">SUMBER : </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://lapar.com/makanplus/penemuan-alien-oleh-nasa/"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://lapar.com/makanplus/penemuan-alien-oleh-nasa/</span></a></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-86530744038303979672012-04-10T04:19:00.002-07:002012-04-10T04:19:35.622-07:00Penemuan 4 planet baru di awal tahun 2012<br />
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<a href="http://diajengsurendeng.blogspot.com/2012/01/penemuan-4-planet-baru-di-awal-tahun.html"><b><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Penemuan 4 planet baru</span></i></b></a><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang berada di luar tata surya kita telah turut
memeriahkan semaraknya penyambutan tahun baru 2012. Beberapa hari lalu,
para ahli perbintangan dari Harvard-Smithsonian center for Astrophysics
menemukan empat planet baru yang dikenal sebagai EXOPLANET yang semakin
menambah panjang daftar penemuan planet-planet yang berada di luar tata surya
kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pemimpin studi
Guillem Anglada-Escude, mengatakan “Planet ini adalah kandidat terbaik baru
untuk mendukung air mencair dan, mungkin, kehidupan seperti yang kita kenal“.</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Planet baru ini
mampu menyerap cahaya kira-kira sama dengan jumlah yang diserap planet kita.
Planet ini berbatu dan mengorbit mataharinya di dalam ‘zona layak huni‘, di
mana suhu tepat untuk air mencair di permukaan planet ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ke empat <i>Exoplanet</i> tersebut diberi nama
HAT-P-34b,HAT-P-35b, HAT-P-36b, dan HAT-P-37b yang masing-masing memiliki waktu
orbit 5,5 hari, 3,6 hari, 1,3 hari, dan 2,8 hari. Di lihat dari lamanya planet
tersebut mengorbit dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ke empat planet tersebut seluruhnya
memiliki lingkaran orbit yang sangat kecil. Seperti telah diketahui bersama, setiap
planet mempunyai <i>obligasi </i>untuk mengorbit bintangnya masing-masing.
Seperti bumi mengorbit matahari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB6aX4lk5aUBYVxibsoZP4JoDOU2xJTAgeuAdR0BodAAw0g5grinebcW46_Pd4YvqcMh6ITdgcsKATKTbjgVG4WAwuV0dT-F01alSkF7HyTy711JV8E7OBhHZK7VUzUlBTmucW2Va6D_sp/s1600/Pzt7a1lbyv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB6aX4lk5aUBYVxibsoZP4JoDOU2xJTAgeuAdR0BodAAw0g5grinebcW46_Pd4YvqcMh6ITdgcsKATKTbjgVG4WAwuV0dT-F01alSkF7HyTy711JV8E7OBhHZK7VUzUlBTmucW2Va6D_sp/s320/Pzt7a1lbyv.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://diajengsurendeng.blogspot.com/2012/01/penemuan-4-planet-baru-di-awal-tahun.html"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Penemuan 4 planet baru</span></a><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ini masih tidak dapat mengindikasikan adanya planet
lain yang seperti bumi kita. Sehingga pertanyaan tentang kemungkinan adanya
makhluk hidup lain di luar angkasa masih belum bisa di jawab. Exoplanet ini,
sebagian besar merupakan sebentuk massa gas raksasa yang mengorbit sangat
dekat pada bintangnya, bahkan ada yang lebih dekat dari jarak <i>Mercurius</i> ke
Matahari. Dengan begitu bisa di perkirakan bahwa suhunya lebih panas dari Bumi
sehingga tidak mungkin ada makhluk hidup yang dapat tinggal di sana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada akhir 2011, terdapat total 716 planet yang telah
dikonfirmasi sebagai exoplanet, dan 2.326 planet yang masih berupa kandidat
exoplanet. Planet-planet tersebut ditemukan oleh teleskop yang mengorbit di
luar angkasa seperti <i>Kepler,</i> serta pusat pengamatan antariksa
di Bumi yang dikenal dengan jaringan teleskop yang dioperasikan oleh para
astronom dari<b><i>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</i></b>.
Jaringan teleskop tersebut, dikenal dengan nama <i>HATNet project</i>,
adalah yang pertama kali menemukan exoplanet HAT-P-1b, pada 2006 silam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan adanya<i> penemuan 4 planet baru</i> (<a href="http://diajengsurendeng.blogspot.com/2012/01/penemuan-4-planet-baru-di-awal-tahun.html"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">exoplanet</span></a>)
ini di harapkan akan semakin mencerahkan aktivitas para <i>astronom</i> di
bumi dan menambah semangat mereka untuk terus menerus berusaha tanpa kenal
lelah untuk mencari kemungkinan adanya kehidupan lain di luar planet bumi kita
yang semakin menua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber : </span><a href="http://diajengsurendeng.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">http://diajengsurendeng.blogspot.com</span></a><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-77193145188530693772012-04-10T04:14:00.000-07:002012-04-10T04:14:07.935-07:005 SPESIES Baru yang Ditemukan Di INDONESIA<br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">Dari sekian banyak spesies
yang ditemukan di Indonesia, berikut lima penemuan yang bisa dikatakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://aksesdunia.com/" title="paling"><span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">paling</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;"> </span></span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;"><a href="http://aksesdunia.com/" title="menarik"><span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; mso-themecolor: text2; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">menarik</span></a><span style="background: white;">:<br />
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</span></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Monster Garuda</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDTP7OLxpz0XXTetUyj_hK4kJ8l4Mt96uhveiGKMgNeVfJmFmmu4wWtJEti5aT3O5gpdBCqaj3EsxJFz6dAkGctvLpV8uutYJBKYyZ6scovPng7pM6l6Zoo65-UI4Ldt8HMAkihhUcnA3o/s1600/-Monster+Garuda.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDTP7OLxpz0XXTetUyj_hK4kJ8l4Mt96uhveiGKMgNeVfJmFmmu4wWtJEti5aT3O5gpdBCqaj3EsxJFz6dAkGctvLpV8uutYJBKYyZ6scovPng7pM6l6Zoo65-UI4Ldt8HMAkihhUcnA3o/s320/-Monster+Garuda.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Spesies ini tentu saja
bukan monster yang sebenarnya. Dia sejatinya adalah Tawon spesies baru yang
ditemukan di Mekongga, Sulawesi. Nama ilmiah untuk spesies ini belum
ditetapkan, tetapi memakai nama “Garuda” karena berasal dari Indonesia.<a href="" name="more"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Tawon spesies ini
dijuluki monster karena penampakannya yang menyeramkan, memiliki mandibula
(rahang bawah) bak ninja, dan rahang yang lebih besar dari kaki depannya.
Sejumlah peneliti dari Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) terlibat dalam
penemuan spesies ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Katak bertaring</span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgClHIIuaZBU-joJzUyITvAgdxz7WhS4Q8nZGk4cCJSWAyAdgw0utteyDXfkK7pNZ06xeft42KUm41YIDno2dDjO2TYkpYJxSjorAEFKOY2s48oD5r2aoGtPHfdKxP9ijjL_tRoF_GzVUMk/s1600/-Katak+bertaring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgClHIIuaZBU-joJzUyITvAgdxz7WhS4Q8nZGk4cCJSWAyAdgw0utteyDXfkK7pNZ06xeft42KUm41YIDno2dDjO2TYkpYJxSjorAEFKOY2s48oD5r2aoGtPHfdKxP9ijjL_tRoF_GzVUMk/s320/-Katak+bertaring.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2;">Inilah monster lain yang ditemukan pada tahun 2011. Bukan hanya satu,
melainkan 13 spesies. Beberapa ilmuwan asal Indonesia seperti M Iqbal Setiadi,
Jatna Supriatna dari Universitas Indonesia, dan ilmuwan lainnya terlibat dalam
penelitian yang dipublikasikan di American Society of Naturalist pada 18 Juli
2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Sejumlah 13 spesies katak
bertaring masuk dalam genus Limnocetes. Ciri katak ini adalah memiliki tonjolan
serupa taring di rahang bagian bawah. Ada satu spesies yang memiliki kaki
berselaput tebal seperti kaki bebek untuk beradaptasi dengan derasnya arus
sungai. Ada juga katak yang melakukan fertilisasi internal atau pembuahan dalam
tubuh serta memelihara anakannya. Cara ini langka karena umumnya katak melakukan
fertilisasi eksternal dan tidak memelihara anakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;"><br />
</span><strong><span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3. Ikan pelangi dari Raja Ampat <o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></strong></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZj3zseCUUaQumfroWxAwbzeK9XJ78dkX0fm3afqYum1-5Jergw4YceNSzlJin6qgRx0jUkXb-gy1Rvh3xM-sw9qjZkidKVTDY6tbo9SIbhyphenhyphenPTecKl7QL1DZomTebTchJTCVuRoHwKAtVt/s1600/-ikan+pelangi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZj3zseCUUaQumfroWxAwbzeK9XJ78dkX0fm3afqYum1-5Jergw4YceNSzlJin6qgRx0jUkXb-gy1Rvh3xM-sw9qjZkidKVTDY6tbo9SIbhyphenhyphenPTecKl7QL1DZomTebTchJTCVuRoHwKAtVt/s320/-ikan+pelangi.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Spesies ikan pelangi yang
cantik ditemukan di wilayah eksotis Raja Ampat, bagaikan peri atau bidadari
dari surga. Nama spesies ikan pelangi yang ditemukan adalah Melanotaenia
salawati. Penemuannya dipublikasikan di International Journal of Ichtyology
Cybium. Ilmuwan asal Indonesia, Kadarusman Loba, adalah salah satu yang
terlibat dalam penemuan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Ikan Pelangi Salawati
ditemukan di Sungai Doktor, bagian barat Pulau Salawati, sekitar 64 km dari
Sorong. Spesies ini memiliki tubuh berbalut warna ungu serta tutup insang yang
berwarna emas dengan noktah hijau. Bagian perutnya berwarna violet dengan
noktah biru. Ikan Pelangi Salawati adalah spesies ikan pelangi ke-19 yang ditemukan
di wilayah Kepala Burung Papua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Anggrek Frankieana</span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovqLONJ3cvQO-5SbtL6TLSxpPvvpQqLHFrHj851JBr-gsCwL34ckOd4GkoPIw3KNvmxcRi5wBseSlKHpnzz8U05Vm-EcizSOX-ikITiHpC8yN-__bSSho-QRcp47_3wQ2ibG6XJ61NX46/s1600/-Anggrek+Frankieana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovqLONJ3cvQO-5SbtL6TLSxpPvvpQqLHFrHj851JBr-gsCwL34ckOd4GkoPIw3KNvmxcRi5wBseSlKHpnzz8U05Vm-EcizSOX-ikITiHpC8yN-__bSSho-QRcp47_3wQ2ibG6XJ61NX46/s320/-Anggrek+Frankieana.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">Anggrek yang bernama latin
Vanda frankieana ini ditemukan oleh ilmuwan LIPI, Destario Metusala, yang
bekerja sama dengan pakar anggrek Singapura, P O’Byrne. Penemuan spesies ini
dipublikasikan di Malesian Orchid Journal volume 9 tahun 2012 nanti. Vanda
frankieana tumbuh alami di Kalimantan. Spesies ini memiliki 1-5 kuntum bunga
yang cukup besar, kaku, dan mengilat seperti berlilin dengan lebar 3,8-4,4 cm
dan tinggi 3,6-4,2 cm. Sosok tanaman dapat mencapai tinggi 50 cm. Jenis anggrek
ini berbunga pada bulan November, Desember, Februari, dan Maret. Warna bunganya
kuning cerah dengan totol merah marun. Usaha mendeskripsikan anggrek ini
sebagai spesies baru sudah dilakukan sejak 140 tahun lalu.<br />
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</span><b><span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;"> </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelalawar Sulawesi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd2tl_oSn6apdARiLq7c8T5dNo6UGo4gXEtRuOEfWxG7t4dv2MY9BBuS7QegAzkYvs1HVWnJq_PJuQJhdGHXVHw9Go9bH3j8x0jvOjLr8SfcYhAbz1QqM3_NRnrA-ZneLLJkYUJDXZHQce/s1600/-Thoopterus+suhaeniahi..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd2tl_oSn6apdARiLq7c8T5dNo6UGo4gXEtRuOEfWxG7t4dv2MY9BBuS7QegAzkYvs1HVWnJq_PJuQJhdGHXVHw9Go9bH3j8x0jvOjLr8SfcYhAbz1QqM3_NRnrA-ZneLLJkYUJDXZHQce/s320/-Thoopterus+suhaeniahi..jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">Jenis kelelawar yang
ditemukan di Sulawesi ini adalah Thoopterus suhaeniahi. Pakar kelelawar dari
LIPI, Ibnu Maryanto, adalah penemunya. Kelelawar tersebut berperan dalam
penyerbukan kayu besi. Spesies kelelawar ini adalah salah satu wujud kekayaan
jenis kelelawar di Indonesia. Sebanyak 225 jenis kelelawar saat ini eksis di
Nusantara, atau 11 persen dari total kelelawar yang ada di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://aksesdunia.com/" title="dunia"><span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dunia</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #1f497d; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">.<br />
<br />
sumber : </span><a href="http://aksesdunia.com/2012/5-spesies-baru-yang-ditemukan-di-indonesia/"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://aksesdunia.com/2012/5-spesies-baru-yang-ditemukan-di-indonesia/</span></a><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-37423247223508688222012-04-10T02:14:00.000-07:002012-04-10T02:14:16.807-07:0010 Penemuan SAINS 2010 yang menggemparkan Dunia<br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tahun 2010 menjadi ajang pembuktian
dari kreatifitas para ilmuan dari berbagai bidang seperti kimia, astronomi,
biologi, arkeologi, dan palaentologi yang telah berhasil menemukan fakta-fakta
spektakuler dalam sains. Fakta apa sajakah itu?</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;"> Berikut 10 penemuan terheboh sepanjang 2010 yang
dipublikasikan oleh Majalah Times di Amerika. Sebagai warga Indonesia,
sepertinya kita harus ikut bangga karena salah satu penemuan teresbut adalah
hasil karya anak bangsa…<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinosaurus Bertanduk</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHp7mzIAXOqCaJH7LWvkgBP7-U3jTD-kNVKBCRcHxNxN1FyxvXkS5Si66Jo59rO-mSwiu0U34BxAzTynYSMpNogaEcIJv4701WN9VM5XUq9rzrDnsnxUOM7g3qgtCHofG5aHnRNtymnf9B/s1600/1+styracosaurus-800.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHp7mzIAXOqCaJH7LWvkgBP7-U3jTD-kNVKBCRcHxNxN1FyxvXkS5Si66Jo59rO-mSwiu0U34BxAzTynYSMpNogaEcIJv4701WN9VM5XUq9rzrDnsnxUOM7g3qgtCHofG5aHnRNtymnf9B/s320/1+styracosaurus-800.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Fosil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9YavCoF4UtdV1CjK25lvRv8V1k4IyJMW61xJGOnTvv5zI-1qL4agNXqZReQw3S1rpvHGz9_mDFDaUcGwzbdordrTJtnU3hFQYKgW7e3globRBxQahejbJgs7fGl-MAWgAr5uUhaG4qTxW/s1600/1.1+kosmoceratops.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9YavCoF4UtdV1CjK25lvRv8V1k4IyJMW61xJGOnTvv5zI-1qL4agNXqZReQw3S1rpvHGz9_mDFDaUcGwzbdordrTJtnU3hFQYKgW7e3globRBxQahejbJgs7fGl-MAWgAr5uUhaG4qTxW/s320/1.1+kosmoceratops.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bulan September tahun ini, para ilmuwan resmi menamai satu
golongan baru dinosaurus yang disebut Kosmoceratops. Berat badan golongan
dinosaurus tersebut mencapai 2500 kilogram (2.5 ton). Uniknya, terdapat 15 buah
tanduk di kepalanya. Kosmoceratops sebenarnya telah ditemukan pada tahun 2007,
namun para ilmuwan baru bisa mengidentifikasinya tahun ini. Golongan dinosaurus
itu diduga hidup 76 juta tahun yang lalu di wilayah yang kini dikenal dengan
nama Utah, Amerika Serikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muons dan Material
Pembentukan Alam Semesta</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsEEUcNERpoYyotq1LV-hzwYCzX3D0KRAguHulKYW5LwNMcjObqnlLZmHVj2BEitXHMUBYvhvnhLfp9rlG6GpWkndc9RjmzGtz8nGhuTw3JIDyEBouBF_dzwg4-U-XuaPpZThaVQ4CpqY4/s1600/2+neutrino_event.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsEEUcNERpoYyotq1LV-hzwYCzX3D0KRAguHulKYW5LwNMcjObqnlLZmHVj2BEitXHMUBYvhvnhLfp9rlG6GpWkndc9RjmzGtz8nGhuTw3JIDyEBouBF_dzwg4-U-XuaPpZThaVQ4CpqY4/s320/2+neutrino_event.jpg" width="265" /></a><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para ilmuwan mengatakan bahwa jumlah materi dan anti materi yang
dihasilkan sebelum big bang haruslah berbeda. Hanya perbedaan itulah yang
memungkinkan terciptanya semesta. Sebelumnya, perbedaan itu hanya mungkin dalam
teori. Hingga tahun ini, percobaan partikel di Fermilab menemukan bahwa muons
(partikel sub atomik seperti halnya elektron) yang dihasilkan memiliki
kelebihan 1% anti muons. Perbedaan muons dan anti muons tersebut memang tidak
terlalu banyak. Namun, para ilmuwan mengatakan bahwa jumlah itu cukup untuk
memacu terciptanya semesta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bulan Lebih Basah Daripada Sahara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3opI_Wexis9eS-ENKO71NV21mcp54anfJcI-T8jRHD6fooNifh7F7PPSrb2KPkxFzvKl8wgXHhnZu616TtSKgkSTgaPeawPmThrYQ_6FPNZwmwpjj5dKervHhCGQUepJfdcUCLPZzpo5/s1600/3+photo-5367-16-03-06-18-20-09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3opI_Wexis9eS-ENKO71NV21mcp54anfJcI-T8jRHD6fooNifh7F7PPSrb2KPkxFzvKl8wgXHhnZu616TtSKgkSTgaPeawPmThrYQ_6FPNZwmwpjj5dKervHhCGQUepJfdcUCLPZzpo5/s320/3+photo-5367-16-03-06-18-20-09.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Misi Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)
berhasil menemukan keberadaan air di bulan, tepatnya di wilayah kutub selatan bulan.
Jumlah air di permukaan bulan yang ditemukan dalam riset tersebut sangat
mengejutkan, lebih dari 50% dari yang diharapkan. Air yang terdapat di kutub
selatan bulan itu terdapat dalam bentuk es yang tercampur dengan materi lain.
Para peneliti mengatakan, es tersebut bisa diolah menjadi air murni. Akhirnya
para astronom tidak perlu capek-capek lagi bawa air ke bulan untk sekedar buat
bekal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Piramida Teotihuacan di Meksiko<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHDoud3FHpZnpp4XmFNHFe-yxedj7eD_FJ9fsOWq5P8EVfb7nO0IlJZUYOpjZG1y3N2SJqUCBIWxSbZDegN8DtZIJ0nQ4BWoND0cjp4qwH0DzlfSWT1EX5ZlePtHtCyXTKeBbVLSHAIND5/s1600/4+teotihuacan-street-of-the-dead-mexico-mxteo7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHDoud3FHpZnpp4XmFNHFe-yxedj7eD_FJ9fsOWq5P8EVfb7nO0IlJZUYOpjZG1y3N2SJqUCBIWxSbZDegN8DtZIJ0nQ4BWoND0cjp4qwH0DzlfSWT1EX5ZlePtHtCyXTKeBbVLSHAIND5/s320/4+teotihuacan-street-of-the-dead-mexico-mxteo7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para arkeolog yang meneliti Pyramid Mexico Teotihuacan berhasil
menemukan koridor selebar 12 kaki lengkap dengan bagian atapnya. Dengan
penemuan koridor tersebut, para arkeolog berharap bisa mengetahui jalan menuju
pemakaman para rabi atau pemimpin agama dalam peradaban Mexico tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gen Penyebab Penuaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiswm0C1SWmUC1mT4aNyWnUYVk5sDabzUDwBr4VbKCveQdLJbQ0CfNbVM01U0S2aQyMYdqnPllUeeFt0Yz5vhBqzJY0v8Vpgq3eA0XXpAXgdDY-TR8BiFsQq5RZJAv-Twuf9A_9e0qdj-FC/s1600/5+1146582p.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiswm0C1SWmUC1mT4aNyWnUYVk5sDabzUDwBr4VbKCveQdLJbQ0CfNbVM01U0S2aQyMYdqnPllUeeFt0Yz5vhBqzJY0v8Vpgq3eA0XXpAXgdDY-TR8BiFsQq5RZJAv-Twuf9A_9e0qdj-FC/s320/5+1146582p.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa orang-orang tertentu tampak cepat tua? Para ahli
genetika menemukan bahwa hal tersebut disebabkan oleh ulah gen TERC. Gen
tersebut menentukan panjang telomer, semacam tutup yang terdapat pada ujung
kromosom. Orang pembawa gen itu akan cenderung mengalami penuaan lebih cepat
sebab telomernya akan memendek lebih cepat. Orang yang membawa satu copy gen
itu misalnya, akan tampak sama tua dengan orang yang 3-4 tahun lebih tua
darinya. Penelitian tentang gen TERC itu dipublikasikan dalam Jurnal Genetics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Planet Ekstra Surya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhudl2d-Xw0mU7IN_-9uTUTp41XXVYqXKfG592QSHG8U0tlEdMm1KAH3ccoDHE7juPEwvLOC1aRI4iz1rX7ZhkVilGPY02NT2WyV2JMKjJ0QYvDbdFrPszdInsGeZH8nSdeBWbWxTbKpNA8/s1600/6+Gallery_Image_7216.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhudl2d-Xw0mU7IN_-9uTUTp41XXVYqXKfG592QSHG8U0tlEdMm1KAH3ccoDHE7juPEwvLOC1aRI4iz1rX7ZhkVilGPY02NT2WyV2JMKjJ0QYvDbdFrPszdInsGeZH8nSdeBWbWxTbKpNA8/s320/6+Gallery_Image_7216.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para peneliti menemukan bahwa terdapat banyak sekali planet di
luar tata surya. Salah satunya adalah planet HIP 13044b yang ditemukan oleh
Astronom asal Indonesia, Johny Setiawan. Planet tersebut sebenarnya merupakan
planet ekstra surya tetapi masuk ke galaksi Bima Sakti. Penemuan planet ekstra
surya lainnya adalah adanya 7 planet yang mengorbit pada bintang HD 10180.
Sementara, penemuan planet lainnya yang juga memukau adalah Gliese 581g, planet
ekstra surya dikatakan mengorbit bintangnya pada jarak yang tak terlalu pnas
ataupun dingin, seperti bumi mengorbit matahari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penemuan Metamaterial</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMwqCrqWSBaYBFqcw5Znwb7Igp4PFS7MVkgwStMmrd6su8fXrqFYmhd-tzlvk2OrjQCMD8JKNaWbGZg2z_2zzVj8v5On7yfqZOExBISzxUOseJEGgw7h8gm0VD3FtiFhWTqGqA6hZdSTiC/s1600/7+_invisible_hmed8p.widec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMwqCrqWSBaYBFqcw5Znwb7Igp4PFS7MVkgwStMmrd6su8fXrqFYmhd-tzlvk2OrjQCMD8JKNaWbGZg2z_2zzVj8v5On7yfqZOExBISzxUOseJEGgw7h8gm0VD3FtiFhWTqGqA6hZdSTiC/s200/7+_invisible_hmed8p.widec.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penemuan ini dilakukan oleh Profesor Martin McCall dan Imperial
College, London. Metamaterial yang dibuat dikatakan bisa “mengaduk” aliran
energi elektromagnetik. cahaya yang melewati metamaterial tersebut akan
terhambur secara tidak merata, membentuk gap antara ruang dan waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penemuan Australopithecus
sediba</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeRI9CHSPVm-KHz6vc-7uhwP3a9L0oxuyxGb3FvdgkhIJaJaaVtdl8Mee3DoPh-eys7dR9QM8T4S8l4a6my9b1dUrNBPu6HljrNlAehegZMI-p_d5x8rhl9s1qHpRYkS5MeFYhLitOm6qz/s1600/8.1taung001_1_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeRI9CHSPVm-KHz6vc-7uhwP3a9L0oxuyxGb3FvdgkhIJaJaaVtdl8Mee3DoPh-eys7dR9QM8T4S8l4a6my9b1dUrNBPu6HljrNlAehegZMI-p_d5x8rhl9s1qHpRYkS5MeFYhLitOm6qz/s320/8.1taung001_1_.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji9pZZUKTdy6uRKLsDRb7JXvXcn-vXPMojPgc5iVVFhmWj3JuC0C-HFMyuwHDgb4Q4OUjkOtpv3_NDEggE0jRXQKcZwdPg-Cfm5R47wzPmg2AILNomVYbpcMVyJKQqeZjaG7r0LdlFKwRn/s1600/8.2+australopithecus-sediba-skull-499-420-22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji9pZZUKTdy6uRKLsDRb7JXvXcn-vXPMojPgc5iVVFhmWj3JuC0C-HFMyuwHDgb4Q4OUjkOtpv3_NDEggE0jRXQKcZwdPg-Cfm5R47wzPmg2AILNomVYbpcMVyJKQqeZjaG7r0LdlFKwRn/s200/8.2+australopithecus-sediba-skull-499-420-22.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt;">Para ilmuwan menemukan fosil Australopithecus
sediba, sebuah spesies manusia purba di wilayah Malapa, Afrika Selatan. Fosil
tersebut diduga berasal dari masa 2 juta tahun yang lalu. Para palaentolog
menduga, fosil tersebut berkaitan dengan fosil manusia purba Homo erectus yang
secara evolusioner kemudian berkembang menjadi Homo sapIens atau manusia
modern. Penemuan spesies ini, menurut para ilmuwan, bisa melengkapi data
evolusi manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt;">Unsur
Kimia Baru Bernama Ununseptium</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFkvJuHxBOqW0azvE_E_3SjPXmEzEMMovk6Sc2p1dG-pz3yMqSllc7ORmQYEpXWPCCJq7XaAJ_uhniWsw0IRaSAUaSoC9nIf0FzOGY9iCuNtQBc_6VnrbNky0eoqidfx3T0AIU26vPXzYS/s1600/9+ununseptium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFkvJuHxBOqW0azvE_E_3SjPXmEzEMMovk6Sc2p1dG-pz3yMqSllc7ORmQYEpXWPCCJq7XaAJ_uhniWsw0IRaSAUaSoC9nIf0FzOGY9iCuNtQBc_6VnrbNky0eoqidfx3T0AIU26vPXzYS/s320/9+ununseptium.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unuseptium
yang untuk sementara dinamai unsur ke 117 merupakan kombinasi antara isotop
berkelium dan kalsium yang diciptakan para ilmuwan di Dubna, Rusia. Para
fisikawan mengatakan bahwa unsur ini bisa menunjukkan “island of stability”,
dimana unsur yang terberat bisa bertahan selama berbulan-bulan. Unsur dengan
nomor atom 117 ini dibuat dengan cara memborbardir 249Bk dengan ion kalsium
dalam siklotron JINR U4000 selama 150 hari yang terdapat di Dubna. Keseluruhan
proses yang memakan waktu tidak lebih dari 320 hari yang merupakan waktu paruh
unsur Bk (150 hari dalam siklotron+analisis data+review oleh tim peneliti) ini
akhirnya berhasil menghasilkan 6 atom Ununseptium. Masing-masing dari keenam
atom tersebut kemudian meluruh dengan memancarkan partikel alfa menjadi unsur
bernomor atom 115 kemudian 113 sampai intinya terbelah menjadi dua atom yang
lebih stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rahasia Kucing Menyeruput
Susu</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKJJKxZ43hGVwLz8kb7JTo39KhPq1MllvQTvjLZW-btvUEv7SRg6b5GwWOzD5XNy5qB15BqyZUrc0zm2vDg4wdVjjzI2xt27KDI-79aJ5MExdESa1w3BFt_0BQNOkg5TCfnvl5f65DOZHC/s1600/10+cat+drink+milk.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKJJKxZ43hGVwLz8kb7JTo39KhPq1MllvQTvjLZW-btvUEv7SRg6b5GwWOzD5XNy5qB15BqyZUrc0zm2vDg4wdVjjzI2xt27KDI-79aJ5MExdESa1w3BFt_0BQNOkg5TCfnvl5f65DOZHC/s320/10+cat+drink+milk.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt;">Para ilmuwan dari Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT), Virgiania Tech dan Princeton University menemukan rahasia
cara kucing menyeruput susu. Mereka menemukan bahwa ketika kucing akan minum,
lidahnya menjulur terlebih dahulu mebentuk huruf J. Jadi si kucing tak perlu
mencelupkan keseluruhan lidahnya ke dalam air. Bentuk huruf J memungkinkan
terbentuknya lajur susu di antara lidah yang bergerak dengan permukaan cairan.
Ketika kucing menutup mulut, susu pun bisa diminum tanpa mengakibatkan dagu
menjadi basah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt;">Sumber : </span><a href="http://blogdoodey.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">http://blogdoodey.blogspot.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-50603380203083662252012-04-09T06:50:00.000-07:002012-04-09T06:50:57.856-07:00J E P A N G<br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bahasa Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">bahasa Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Gothic'; font-size: 10pt;">日本</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Nippon/Nihon</span></i><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, nama resmi:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Nipponkoku</i>/<i>Nihonkoku</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>)</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah sebuah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_kepulauan" title="Negara kepulauan"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">negara kepulauan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Asia Timur</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. Letaknya di ujung barat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Samudra Pasifik</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, di</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sebelah timur</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Jepang" title="Laut Jepang">Laut Jepang</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, dan bertetangga dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Republik Rakyat Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Republik Rakyat Cina</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Korea"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Korea</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Rusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Rusia</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Pulau-pulau paling utara berada di</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Okhotsk" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Laut Okhotsk"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Laut Okhotsk</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, dan wilayah paling selatan berupa kelompok</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">pulau-pulau kecil di</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Cina_Timur" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Laut Cina Timur"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Laut Cina Timur</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, tepatnya di sebelah selatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Okinawa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Okinawa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">yang bertetangga</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Taiwan</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang terdiri dari 6.852 pulau<sup> </sup>yang membuatnya merupakan
suatu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan" title="Kepulauan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kepulauan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pulau-pulau utama dari utara ke selatan
adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Hokkaido</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Honshu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(pulau terbesar)</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Shikoku</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kyushu</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sekitar 97% wilayah daratan Jepang berada
di keempat pulau terbesarnya. Sebagian besar pulau di Jepang bergunung-gunung,
dan sebagian di antaranya merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">gunung berapi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Gunung tertinggi di Jepang adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Fuji" title="Gunung Fuji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Gunung Fuji</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang merupakan sebuah gunung berapi. Penduduk Jepang berjumlah 128
juta orang, dan berada di peringkat ke-10</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_jumlah_penduduk" title="Daftar negara menurut jumlah penduduk"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">negara berpenduduk terbanyak di dunia</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Tokyo</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">secara</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">de facto</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibu_kota_Jepang" title="Ibu kota Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ibu kota Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan berkedudukan sebagai sebuah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_prefektur_di_Jepang" title="Daftar prefektur di Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">prefektur</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Raya" title="Tokyo Raya"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Tokyo Raya</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah sebutan untuk Tokyo dan beberapa kota yang berada</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_prefektur_di_Jepang" title="Daftar prefektur di Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">prefektur</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekelilingnya. Sebagai
daerah metropolitan terluas di dunia, Tokyo Raya berpenduduk lebih dari 30 juta
orang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Menurut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologi_Jepang" title="Mitologi Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">mitologi tradisional</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, Jepang didirikan oleh</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Jimmu" title="Kaisar Jimmu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kaisar Jimmu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pad</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-7_SM" title="Abad ke-7 SM"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">abad ke-7 SM</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kaisar Jimmu memulai mata rantai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Jepang" title="Kaisar Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">monarki Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang tidak terputus hingga kini. Meskipun begitu, sepanjang
sejarahnya, untuk kebanyakan masa kekuatan sebenarnya berada di tangan
anggota-anggota istana</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">shogun</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, pihak militer, dan memasuki zaman modern, di tangan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_menteri" title="Perdana menteri"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">perdana menteri</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Menurut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi_Jepang" title="Konstitusi Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Konstitusi Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tahun 1947, Jepang adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">negara</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" title="Monarki konstitusional"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">monarki konstitusional</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di bawah pimpinan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Jepang" title="Kaisar Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kaisar Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen_Jepang" title="Parlemen Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Parlemen Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sebagai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_maju" title="Negara maju"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">negara maju</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di bidang ekonomi, Jepang memiliki</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(nominal)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">produk domestik bruto</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">terbesar nomor dua setelah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan masuk dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(PPP)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (PPP)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">urutan tiga besar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keseimbangan_kemampuan_berbelanja" title="Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang adalah anggota</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8" title="G8"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">G8</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_untuk_Kerjasama_dan_Pengembangan_Ekonomi" title="Organisasi untuk Kerjasama dan Pengembangan Ekonomi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">OECD</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerja_Sama_Ekonomi_Asia_Pasifik" title="Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">APEC</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang memiliki kekuatan militer yang memadai lengkap dengan sistem
pertahanan moderen seperti AEGIS serta suat armada besar</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_perusak" title="Kapal perusak"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kapal perusak</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Dalam perdagangan luar negeri, Jepang
berada di peringkat ke-4<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_ekspor" title="Daftar negara menurut ekspor"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">negara pengekspor terbesar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan peringkat ke-</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">6<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_impor" title="Daftar negara menurut impor"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">negara pengimpor terbesar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di dunia. Sebagai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_maju" title="Negara maju"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">negara maju</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">penduduk Jepang mem</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">iliki<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standar_hidup" title="Standar hidup"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">standar hidup</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang tinggi
(peringkat ke-8 dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Daftar negara menurut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Indeks Pembangunan
Manusia</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan angka
harapan hidup tertinggi di dunia menurut perkiraan PBB. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">Dalam bidang teknologi, Jepang adalah negara maju di bidang
telekomunikasi, permesinan, dan robotika.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">ETIMOLOGI</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jepang disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Nippon</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Nihon</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bahasa Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Jepang</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Kedua kata ini dituli</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">s </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf_kanji" title="Huruf kanji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">huruf kanji</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">yang sama, yaitu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: red; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">日本</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(secara</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfiah" title="Harfiah"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">harfiah</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">asal-muasal</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">matahari</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">).</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sebutan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Nippon</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sering digunakan dalam urusan resmi,
termasuk nama negara dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen" title="Yen"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uang Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prangko" title="Prangko"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prangko</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dan pertandingan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahraga" title="Olahraga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">olahraga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">internasional. Sementara itu, sebutan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Nihon</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>digunakan dalam urusan tidak resmi
seperti pembicaraan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kata<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Nippon</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Nihon</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>berarti "negara/negeri matahari
terbit". Nama ini disebut</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utusan_Kekaisaran_Jepang_ke_Cina" title="Utusan Kekaisaran Jepang ke Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korespondensi Kekaisaran Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Sui" title="Dinasti Sui"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dinasti Sui</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">di Cina, dan merujuk kepada letak Jepang yang berada di sebelah
timur daratan Cina. Sebelum Jepang memiliki hubungan dengan Cina, negara ini
dikenal sebagai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Yamato" title="Periode Yamato"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yamato</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="color: red; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">大和</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Di Cina pa</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">da<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Tiga_Negara" title="Zaman Tiga Negara"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zaman Tiga Negara</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">sebutan untuk Jepang adalah negara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Wa</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(</span><span lang="JA" style="color: red; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">倭</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">).</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Cina</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dialek Shanghai yang termasuk salah satu dialek Wu, aksara Cina<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">日本</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dibaca sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Zeppen</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>([</span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">z</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">əʔ</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">p</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">ə</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">n</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">]). Dalam dialek Wu, aksara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">日</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">secara tidak resmi dibaca sebagai [</span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">ni</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">ʔ</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">] sementara secara resmi dibaca sebagai [</span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">z</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">əʔ</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">]. Dalam beberapa dialek Wu Selatan,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: red; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">日本</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dibaca sebagai [</span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">ni</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">ʔ</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">p</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">ə</span></span><span class="ipa"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">n</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">] yang mirip dengan nama dalam bahasa Jepang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kata<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Jepang</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">bahasa Indonesia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kemungkinan berasal dari bahasa Cina, tepatnya bahasa</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Cina</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek_Wu" title="Dialek Wu"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">dialek Wu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Bahasa Melayu
kuno juga menyebut negara ini sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Jepang</i>(namun
ejaan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysia" title="Bahasa Malaysia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">bahasa Malaysia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekarang:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Jepun</i>).
Kata Jepang dalam bahasa Melayu ini kemudian dibawa ke Dunia Barat oleh
pedagang</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Portugis</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang mengenal sebutan ini ketika berada
di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaka" title="Malaka"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Malaka</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada abad ke-16. Mereka lah yang pertama kali memperkenalkan nama
bahasa Melayu</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tersebut ke
Eropa. Dokumen tertua dalam bahasa Inggris yang menyebut tentang Jepang adalah
sepucuk surat dari tahun 1565, yang di dalamnya bertuliskan kata<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Giapan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">SEJARAH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">PRASEJARAH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-70n29kVm3gMKuyJBmw9Qj5ObKr06nW8l4skjpBtux0wHVNfc64SdGFL7njwbTABrg9uOmZ_tSICU_uRLaRWGkOEPdZAzbXC_LCR7dX41NPArHUu5z6HaODF4ia6ouOYYEYgLVuJbFWDK/s1600/1+543px-Jomon_vessel_3000-2000BC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-70n29kVm3gMKuyJBmw9Qj5ObKr06nW8l4skjpBtux0wHVNfc64SdGFL7njwbTABrg9uOmZ_tSICU_uRLaRWGkOEPdZAzbXC_LCR7dX41NPArHUu5z6HaODF4ia6ouOYYEYgLVuJbFWDK/s320/1+543px-Jomon_vessel_3000-2000BC.jpg" width="271" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Penelitian</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">arkeologi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menunjukkan bahwa Jepang telah dihuni</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia_purba" title="Manusia purba"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">manusia purba</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">setidaknya 600.000 tahun yang lalu, pada masa</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitik" title="Paleolitik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Paleolitik Bawah</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Setelah beberapa</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_es" title="Zaman es"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">zaman es</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang terjadi pada masa jutaan tahun yang lalu, Jepang beberapa kali
terhubung dengan daratan Asia melalui jembatan darat (dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Sakhalin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di utara, dan kemungkinan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kyushu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di selatan), sehingga
memungkinkan perpindahan manusia, hewan, dan tanaman ke</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan" title="Kepulauan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kepulauan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang dari wilayah yang kini merupakan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Republik Rakyat Cina</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Korea</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Zaman Paleolitik Jepang menghasilkan
peralatan bebatuan yang telah dipoles yang pertama di dunia, sekitar tahun
30.000 SM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Dengan berakhirnya zaman es terakhir dan datangnya periode yang
lebih hangat, kebudayaan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomon" title="Jomon"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Jomon</span></a> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">muncul pada sekitar 11.000 SM, yang bercirikan gaya hidup<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemburu-pengumpul" title="Pemburu-pengumpul"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pemburu-pengumpul</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">semi-sedenter</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolitik" title="Mesolitik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Mesolitik</span></a> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">hingga</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Neolitik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan pembuatan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembikar" title="Tembikar"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kerajinan tembikar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">terawal di dunia. Diperkirakan bahwa penduduk Jomon merupakan nenek
moyang suku Proto-Jepang dan suku</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu" title="Ainu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Ainu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">masa kini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Dimulainya periode</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi" title="Yayoi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Yayoi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada sekitar</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_SM" title="300 SM"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">300 SM</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menandai kehadiran
teknologi-teknologi baru seperti bercocok tanam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padi" title="Padi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">padi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawah" title="Sawah"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">sawah</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengairan" title="Pengairan"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">berpengairan</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan teknik pembuatan perkakas dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">besi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">perunggu</span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang dibawa serta migran-migran dari Cina atau Korea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Dalam sejarah Cina, orang Jepang pertama kali disebut dalam naskah
sejarah klasik,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_Han" title="Buku Han"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Buku Han</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang ditulis tahun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/111" title="111"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">111</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Setelah periode Yayoi disebut periode<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kofun</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada sekitar tahun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/250" title="250"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">250</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang bercirikan didirikannya
negeri-negeri militer yang kuat. Menurut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatan_Sejarah_Tiga_Negara" title="Catatan Sejarah Tiga Negara"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Catatan Sejarah Tiga Negara</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">negara paling berjaya di kepulauan Jepang
waktu itu adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamataikoku" title="Yamataikoku"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Yamataikoku</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ZAMAN KLASIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Bagian
sejarah Jepang meninggalkan dokumen tertulis dimulai pada</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-5" title="Abad ke-5"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">abad ke-5</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-6" title="Abad ke-6"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">abad ke-6</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Masehi, saat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_tertulis" title="Bahasa Cina tertulis"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sistem tulisan Cina</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">agama Buddha</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan kebudayaan Cina
lainnya dibawa masuk ke Jepang dari Kerajaan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Baekje</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Korea" title="Semenanjung Korea"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Semenanjung Korea</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVnsazYMDGqXJdNqNxB1X5lEPcXH8-37fuYEjBRpDFhNTr-vOYiTzKAk8BUxVdwlKyMP2NEYFQqqU9noDzc4RXZvZeTLs17U6qzOTVHPe8vClpuHDt-crsNaOJWxgJmebVNEKMMGPQqplB/s1600/2+800px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVnsazYMDGqXJdNqNxB1X5lEPcXH8-37fuYEjBRpDFhNTr-vOYiTzKAk8BUxVdwlKyMP2NEYFQqqU9noDzc4RXZvZeTLs17U6qzOTVHPe8vClpuHDt-crsNaOJWxgJmebVNEKMMGPQqplB/s320/2+800px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_2.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Perkembangan selanjutnya</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Jepang" title="Buddhisme di Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Buddhisme di Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan seni ukir rupang
sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh Buddhisme Cina.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Walaupun awalnya kedatangan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">agama Buddha</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ditentang penguasa yang menganut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Shinto</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, kalangan yang berkuasa akhirnya ikut memajukan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Jepang" title="Buddhisme di Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">agama Buddha</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di Jepang, dan menjadi
agama yang populer di Jepang sejak<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Asuka" title="Zaman Asuka"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">zaman Asuka</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Melalui perintah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi_Taika" title="Reformasi Taika"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Reformasi Taika</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada tahun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/645" title="645"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">645</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang menyusun ulang sistem
pemerintahannya dengan mencontoh dari Cina. Hal ini membuka jalan bagi filsafat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Konfusianisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Cina untuk menjadi dominan di Jepang hingga</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-19" title="Abad ke-19"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">abad ke-19</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Nara" title="Periode Nara"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Periode Nara</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-8" title="Abad ke-8"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">abad ke-8</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menandai sebuah negeri Jepang dengan kekuasaan yang tersentralisasi.
Ibu kota dan istana kekaisaran berada di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heijo-kyo" title="Heijo-kyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Heijo-kyo</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(kini<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara" title="Nara"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Nara</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">). </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada zaman Nara, Jepang secara terus
menerus mengadopsi praktik administrasi pemerintahan dari Cina. Salah satu
pencapaian terbesar sastra Jepang pada zaman Nara adalah selesainya buku
sejarah Jepang yang disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kojiki</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(712) dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Nihon Shoki</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(720).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgumOJac0X1InyHoY5xa0WBkYFzqLWxH7SUBy-jRfP7Ohkj11Y8qnXOkGSA9dDO5dikxtLd-5-YmF6J8gh88swEqyx2M62M2WqM1jJ6lGAReD5hiGQJr4MyznEjw_AMA72Wvd0Wk-AfYQ84/s1600/3+TodaijiDaibutsu0224.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgumOJac0X1InyHoY5xa0WBkYFzqLWxH7SUBy-jRfP7Ohkj11Y8qnXOkGSA9dDO5dikxtLd-5-YmF6J8gh88swEqyx2M62M2WqM1jJ6lGAReD5hiGQJr4MyznEjw_AMA72Wvd0Wk-AfYQ84/s200/3+TodaijiDaibutsu0224.jpg" width="126" /></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada tahun 784</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Kammu" title="Kaisar Kammu"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kaisar Kammu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memindahkan ibu kota ke</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaoka-ky%C5%8D" title="Nagaoka-kyō"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Nagaoka-ky</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt;">ō</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan berada di sana hanya
selama 10 tahun. Setelah itu, ibu kota dipindahkan kembali ke</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Heian-ky</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt;">ō</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(kini<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kyoto</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">). </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kepindahan ibu kota ke Heian-ky</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-size: 10pt;">ō</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> mengawali</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Heian" title="Periode Heian"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">periode Heian</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang merupakan masa keemasan kebudayaan klasik asli
Jepang, terutama di bidang</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seni_di_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Seni di Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #a55858; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">seni</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puisi_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Puisi Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #a55858; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">puisi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra_Jepang" title="Sastra Jepang"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sastra Jepang</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikayat_Genji" title="Hikayat Genji"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Hikayat Genji</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">karya</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasaki_Shikibu" title="Murasaki Shikibu"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Murasaki Shikibu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan lirik lagu kebangsaan Jepang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_ga_Yo" title="Kimi ga Yo"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kimi ga Yo</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">berasal dari periode Heian.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<sup><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></sup><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ZAMAN PERTENGAHAN<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhiWqHXbCC5zCkKFvTVKaxrRD_Mty75-JQKXZsYw82jruQs9vkMdMvQv9MM8L-6uFjafMqKVfUYNXDZ9Z8Hea4iciNBPWQJ86ThrIIunuTsGYXtoSOmqG2LR_Gx_TzcJvLr73TXBIxDxwg/s1600/4+50px-NanbanGroup.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhiWqHXbCC5zCkKFvTVKaxrRD_Mty75-JQKXZsYw82jruQs9vkMdMvQv9MM8L-6uFjafMqKVfUYNXDZ9Z8Hea4iciNBPWQJ86ThrIIunuTsGYXtoSOmqG2LR_Gx_TzcJvLr73TXBIxDxwg/s320/4+50px-NanbanGroup.JPG" width="235" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Abad pertengahan di Jepang merupakan zaman</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">feodalisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang ditandai oleh perebutan kekuasaan antar kelompok penguasa yang
terdiri dari</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksatria" title="Ksatria"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ksatria</span></a> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">samurai</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada tahun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1185" title="1185"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">1185</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">setelah menghancurkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klan_Taira" title="Klan Taira"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">klan Taira</span></a> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang merupakan klan saingan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klan_Minamoto" title="Klan Minamoto"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">klan Minamoto</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Minamoto no Yoritomo</span></a> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">diangkat sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">shogun</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan menjadikannya pemimpin militer yang
berbagi kekuasaan dengan Kaisar. Pemerintahan militer yang didirikan Minamoto
no Yoritomo disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshogunan_Kamakura" title="Keshogunan Kamakura"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Keshogunan Kamakura</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">karena pusat pemerintahan
berada di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa" title="Kamakura, Kanagawa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kamakura</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(di sebelah selatan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Yokohama</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">masa kini). Setelah wafatnya Yoritomo</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klan_H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" title="Klan Hōjō"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">klan H</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ō</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">j</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ō</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">membantu keshogunan sebagai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikken" title="Shikken"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">shikken</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yakni semacam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipati" title="Adipati"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">adipati</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">bagi para shogun. Keshogunan Kamakura berhasil menahan serangan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Mongol</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dari wilayah Cina kekuasaan Mongol pada tahun 1274 dan 1281.
Meskipun secara politik terbilang stabil, Keshogunan Kamakura akhirnya</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorasi_Kemmu" title="Restorasi Kemmu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">digulingkan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">oleh</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Go-Daigo" title="Kaisar Go-Daigo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kaisar Go-Daigo</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang memulihkan kekuasaan di tangan kaisar. Kaisar Go-Daigo akhirnya
digulingkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Takauji" title="Ashikaga Takauji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Ashikaga Takauji</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada 1336.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Keshogunan
Ashikaga gagal membendung kekuatan penguasa militer dan tuan tanah feodal</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">daimyo</span></i></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) dan pecah perang saudara pada tahun
1467</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_%C5%8Cnin" title="Perang Ōnin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang </span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Ō</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">nin</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang mengawali masa satu abad yang
diwarnai peperangan antarfaksi yang disebut masa negeri-negeri saling berperang
atau</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Sengoku" title="Periode Sengoku"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">periode Sengoku</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-16" title="Abad ke-16"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">abad ke-16</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">para pedagang dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misionaris" title="Misionaris"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">misionaris</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikat_Yesuit" title="Serikat Yesuit"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Serikat Yesuit</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dari Portugal tiba untuk pertama kalinya di Jepang, dan mengawali
pertukaran perniagaan dan kebudayaan yang aktif antara Jepang dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Dunia Barat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_dengan_Nanban" title="Perdagangan dengan Nanban"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perdagangan dengan Nanban</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">). </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Orang Jepang menyebut orang asing dari
Dunia Barat sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>namban</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang berarti orang barbar dari selatan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Oda Nobunaga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menaklukkan daimyo-daimyo
pesaingnya dengan memakai teknologi Eropa dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjata_api" title="Senjata api"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">senjata api</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Nobunaga hampir berhasil menyatukan Jepang sebelum tewas terbunuh
dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristiwa_Honn%C5%8Dji" title="Peristiwa Honnōji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Peristiwa Honn</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt;">ō</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ji</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">1582.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menggantikan Nobunaga, dan mencatatkan dirinya sebagai pemersatu
Jepang pada tahun 1590</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Hideyoshi
berusaha menguasai Korea, dan dua kali melakukan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Jepang_ke_Korea_(1592-1598)" title="Invasi Jepang ke Korea (1592-1598)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">invasi ke
Korea</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">namun gagal
setelah kalah dalam pertempuran melawan pasukan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Korea</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang dibantu kekuatan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Dinasti Ming</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Setelah Hideyoshi wafat, pasukan Hideyoshi ditarik dari Semenanjung
Korea pada tahun 1598</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK0LRl_755jAx6MmOuu0toRJi0w1i1YzXy16coW6kACV_ZYJT8_wfVXutEMwEIbwf2gNd5vEQzELsaLwEo4daeEJmQPhAfs27YyU0qgDG9WC55lyXiPrcm2hyphenhyphen2mSB9Aj85SqIuMYd1JLQL/s1600/5+RedSealShip.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK0LRl_755jAx6MmOuu0toRJi0w1i1YzXy16coW6kACV_ZYJT8_wfVXutEMwEIbwf2gNd5vEQzELsaLwEo4daeEJmQPhAfs27YyU0qgDG9WC55lyXiPrcm2hyphenhyphen2mSB9Aj85SqIuMYd1JLQL/s320/5+RedSealShip.JPG" width="319" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sepeninggal Hideyoshi, putra Hideyoshi yang bernama</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyori" title="Toyotomi Hideyori"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Toyotomi Hideyori</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">mewarisi kekuasaan sang
ayah</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Tokugawa Ieyasu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memanfaatkan posisinya
sebagai adipati bagi Hideyori untuk mengumpulkan dukungan politik dan militer dari
daimyo-daimyo lain. Setelah mengalahkan klan-klan pendukung Hideyori dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Sekigahara" title="Pertempuran Sekigahara"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pertempuran Sekigahara</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tahun 1600, Ieyasu diangkat sebagai shogun pada tahun 1603.
Pemerintahan militer yang didirikan Ieyasu di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo" title="Edo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Edo</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(kini<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Tokyo</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshogunan_Tokugawa" title="Keshogunan Tokugawa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Keshogunan Tokugawa</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Keshogunan Tokugawa curiga terhadap
kegiatan misionaris<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik" title="Katolik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Katolik</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan melarang segala hubungan dengan orang-orang Eropa. Hubungan
perdagangan dibatasi hanya dengan pedagang</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Belanda</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di Pulau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Dejima</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Nagasaki</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pemerintah Tokugawa juga menjalankan berbagai kebijakan seperti
undang-undang</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buke_shohatto" title="Buke shohatto"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">buke shohatto</span></i></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">untuk mengendalikan daimyo di daerah. Pada tahun 1639, Keshogunan
Tokugawa mulai menjalankan kebijakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sakoku</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">("negara
tertutup") yang berlangsung selama dua setengah abad yang disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Edo" title="Periode Edo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">periode Edo</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Walaupun menjalani periode isolasi, orang Jepang terus mempelajari
ilmu-ilmu dari Dunia Barat. Di Jepang, ilmu dari buku-buku Barat disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">rangaku</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(ilmu belanda) karena
berasal dari kontak orang Jepang dengan enklave orang Belanda di Dejima,
Nagasaki. Pada periode Edo, orang Jepang juga memulai studi tentang Jepang, dan
menamakan "studi nasional" tentang Jepang sebagai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kokugaku</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ZAMAN MODERN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7NDjeugGzvNjlnxuGC1_FScpb_oRHuDTdkk8NlzPMZEN74uK2wFRBW8fNQif7d379hZPTVJNbWnaLfWrGjpem3vaz_qardfwIWN6gZlJL0bm6PiIwI0tgwdCjpPTrCtrApApcEYZhEHeU/s1600/6+Japanese_Empire2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7NDjeugGzvNjlnxuGC1_FScpb_oRHuDTdkk8NlzPMZEN74uK2wFRBW8fNQif7d379hZPTVJNbWnaLfWrGjpem3vaz_qardfwIWN6gZlJL0bm6PiIwI0tgwdCjpPTrCtrApApcEYZhEHeU/s320/6+Japanese_Empire2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada 31 Maret 1854, kedatangan Komodor</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry" title="Matthew Perry"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Matthew Perry</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> "</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_Hitam" title="Kapal Hitam"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kapal Hitam</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">"<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Amerika_Serikat" title="Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memaksa Jepang untuk membuka diri terhadap Dunia Barat melalui</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persetujuan_Kanagawa" title="Persetujuan Kanagawa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Persetujuan Kanagawa</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Persetujuan-persetujuan selanjutnya dengan negara-negara Barat pada
masa</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Bakumatsu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">membawa Jepang ke dalam krisis ekonomi dan politik. Kalangan samurai
menganggap Keshogunan Tokugawa sudah melemah, dan mengadakan pemberontakan
hingga pecah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Boshin" title="Perang Boshin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang Boshin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867" title="1867"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">1867</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868" title="1868"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">1868</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Setelah Keshogunan Tokugawa ditumbangkan,
kekuasaan dikembalikan ke tangan kaisar</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorasi_Meiji" title="Restorasi Meiji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Restorasi Meiji</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghapusan_sistem_domain" title="Penghapusan sistem domain"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">sistem domain dihapus</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Semasa Restorasi Meiji, Jepang mengadopsi sistem politik, hukum, dan
militer dari Dunia</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Barat</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet_Jepang" title="Kabinet Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kabinet Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">mengatur</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Penasihat_Kaisar_(Jepang)" title="Dewan Penasihat Kaisar (Jepang)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Dewan Penasihat Kaisar</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menyusun</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi_Meiji" title="Konstitusi Meiji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Konstitusi Meiji</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan membentuk</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen_Jepang" title="Parlemen Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Parlemen Kekaisaran</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Restorasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Meiji mengubah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Kekaisaran Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kekaisaran Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menjadi negara industri modern dan sekaligus kekuatan militer dunia
yang menimbulkan konflik militer ketika berusaha memperluas pengaruh teritorial
di Asia. Setelah mengalahkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Cina</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Sino-Jepang" title="Perang Sino-Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang Sino-Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Rusia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Rusia-Jepang" title="Perang Rusia-Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang Rusia-Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang menguasai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Taiwan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">separuh dari</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Sakhalin</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Korea</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada awal</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">abad ke-20</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang mengalami</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> "</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Taish%C5%8D" title="Zaman Taishō"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">demokrasi Taisho</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">" </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang dibayang-bayangi bangkitnya</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspansionisme" title="Ekspansionisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ekspansionisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Militerisme_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Militerisme Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">militerisme Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Semasa</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang Dunia I</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang berada di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekutu_Perang_Dunia_I" title="Sekutu Perang Dunia I"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pihak Sekutu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> i</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang menang, sehingga Jepang dapat memperluas pengaruh dan wilayah
kekuasaan. Jepang terus menjalankan politik ekspansionis dengan menduduki</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Manchuria</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada tahun 1931. Dua tahun kemudian, Jepang keluar dari</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Liga Bangsa-Bangsa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Liga Bangsa-Bangsa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">setelah mendapat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laporan_Lytton" title="Laporan Lytton"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kecaman
internasional</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">atas pendudukan Manchuria. Pada tahun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936" title="1936"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">1936</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang menandatangani</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakta_Anti-Komintern" title="Pakta Anti-Komintern"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Pakta Anti-Komintern</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Jerman Nazi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan bergabung bergabung bersama Jerman
dan Italia membentuk</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_Poros" title="Blok Poros"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Blok Poros</span></a> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada tahun 1941</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada tahun 1937, invasi Jepang ke</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Manchuria</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memicu terjadinya</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Sino-Jepang_Kedua" title="Perang Sino-Jepang Kedua"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang Sino-Jepang Kedua</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(1937-1945) yang membuat Jepang dikenakan embargo minyak oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada 7 Desember 1941, Jepang menyerang pangkalan Angkatan Laut
Amerika Serikat di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Pearl Harbor</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan menyatakan perang terhadap Amerika
Serikat,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Serangan Pearl Harbor menyeret AS ke
dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang Dunia II</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Setelah kampanye militer yang panjang di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Samudra Pasifik</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang kehilangan wilayah-wilayah yang
dimilikinya pada awal perang. Amerika Serikat melakukan pengeboman strategis
terhadap</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Tokyo</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Osaka</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan kota-kota besar lainnya. Setelah AS menjatuhkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeboman_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" title="Pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">bom atom</span></a> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Hiroshima</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Nagasaki</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang akhirnya</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyerahan_Jepang_terhadap_Sekutu" title="Penyerahan Jepang terhadap Sekutu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">menyerah tanpa syarat kepada Sekutu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Agustus" title="15 Agustus"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">15 Agustus</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" title="1945"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Kemenangan_atas_Jepang" title="Hari Kemenangan atas Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Hari Kemenangan atas Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Perang membawa penderitaan bagi rakyat Jepang dan rakyat di wilayah
jajahan Jepang. Berjuta-juta orang tewas di negara-negara Asia yang diduduki
Jepang di bawah slogan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemakmuran_Bersama_Asia" title="Kemakmuran Bersama Asia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kemakmuran Bersama Asia</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Hampir semua industri dan infrastruktur di Jepang hancur akibat
perang. Pihak Sekutu melakukan repatriasi besar-besaran</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_Jepang" title="Diaspora Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">etnik Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dari negara-negara Asia yang pernah diduduki Jepang.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengadilan_Militer_Internasional_untuk_Timur_Jauh" title="Pengadilan Militer Internasional untuk Timur Jauh"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Pengadilan Militer
Internasional untuk Timur Jauh</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang diselenggarakan pihak
Sekutu mulai 3 Mei 1946 berakhir dengan dijatuhkannya hukuman bagi sejumlah
pemimpin Jepang yang terbukti bersalah melakukan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #002060;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kejahatan_perang_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kejahatan perang Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kejahatan perang</span></a></span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6yeHgL7iPvbkSg_CKYrc-UAf2jbAtQ6Be60jjAPrFzewgYrO3xskQFNEuyYhvolDglc0Z9t4nztbOxO6Dy8Kw0U8k_p-x8AQ-cVhvg2bya0b8cxH_tr8pu1BKgp9ZXOg9PK-e7XauKwvO/s1600/7+800px-Skyscrapers_Shinjuku_2007_rev.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6yeHgL7iPvbkSg_CKYrc-UAf2jbAtQ6Be60jjAPrFzewgYrO3xskQFNEuyYhvolDglc0Z9t4nztbOxO6Dy8Kw0U8k_p-x8AQ-cVhvg2bya0b8cxH_tr8pu1BKgp9ZXOg9PK-e7XauKwvO/s320/7+800px-Skyscrapers_Shinjuku_2007_rev.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada tahun 1947,</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang memberlakukan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi_Jepang" title="Konstitusi Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Konstitusi Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang baru. Berdasarkan konstitusi baru, Jepang ditetapkan sebagai
negara yang menganut paham<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifisme" title="Pasifisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pasifisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan mengutamakan praktik</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_liberal" title="Demokrasi liberal"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">demokrasi liberal</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pendudukan AS terhadap Jepang secara resmi berakhir pada tahun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952" title="1952"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">1952</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dengan ditandatanganinya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_San_Francisco" title="Perjanjian San Francisco"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perjanjian San Francisco</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Walaupun
demikian, pasukan AS tetap mempertahankan pangkalan-pangkalan penting di
Jepang, khususnya di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa" title="Okinawa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Okinawa</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">secara secara resmi menerima Jepang sebagai anggota pada tahun 1956.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Seusai Perang Dunia II, Jepang mengalami</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keajaiban_ekonomi_Jepang_pascaperang" title="Keajaiban ekonomi Jepang pascaperang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pertumbuhan ekonomi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang pesat, dan menempatkan Jepang sebagai kekuatan ekonomi terbesar
nomor dua di dunia, dengan rata-rata pertumbuhan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">produk domestik bruto</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sebesar 10% per tahun
selama empat dekade. Pesatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi Jepang berakhir pada awal
tahun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-an" title="1990-an"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">1990-an</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">setelah jatuhnya</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggelembungan_harga_aset_di_Jepang" title="Penggelembungan harga aset di Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ekonomi
gelembung</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">POLITIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">PARLEMEN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang menganut sistem negara</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" title="Monarki konstitusional"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">monarki konstitusional</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang sangat membatasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kekuasaan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Jepang" title="Kaisar Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kaisar Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sebagai kepala negara seremonial,
kedudukan Kaisar</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang diatur
dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi_Jepang" title="Konstitusi Jepang"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">konstitusi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sebagai "simbol negara dan pemersatu rakyat". Kekuasaan
pemerintah berada di tangan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Jepang" title="Perdana Menteri Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perdana Menteri Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan anggota terpilih</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen_Jepang" title="Parlemen Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Parlemen Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sementara kedaulatan sepenuhnya berada di
tangan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakyat_Jepang" title="Rakyat Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">rakyat Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kaisar Jepang bertindak sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_negara" title="Kepala negara"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kepala negara</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dalam urusan diplomatik</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen_Jepang" title="Parlemen Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Parlemen Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen" title="Parlemen"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">parlemen</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dua kamar yang dibentuk
mengikuti sistem</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Inggris.
Parlemen Jepang terdiri dari</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majelis_Rendah_Jepang" title="Majelis Rendah Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Majelis Rendah</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majelis_Tinggi_Jepang" title="Majelis Tinggi Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Majelis Tinggi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Majelis Rendah
Jepang terdiri dari 480 anggota dewan. Anggota majelis rendah dipilih secara
langsung oleh rakyat setiap 4 tahun sekali atau setelah majelis rendah
dibubarkan. Majelis Tinggi Jepang terdiri dari 242 anggota dewan yang memiliki
masa jabatan 6 tahun, dan dipilih langsung oleh rakyat. Warganegara Jepang
berusia 20 tahun ke atas memiliki hak untuk memilih. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kabinet Jepang beranggotakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Jepang" title="Perdana Menteri Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perdana Menteri</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan para menteri. Perdana
Menteri adalah salah seorang anggota parlemen dari partai mayoritas di Majelis
Rendah.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrat_Liberal_(Jepang)" title="Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Partai Demokrat Liberal</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(LDP) berkuasa di Jepang sejak 1955, kecuali pada tahun 1993. Pada
tahun itu terbentuk</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_koalisi" title="Pemerintahan koalisi"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pemerintahan
koalisi</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang hanya berumur singkat dengan partai
oposisi. Partai oposisi terbesar di Jepang adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokratik_(Jepang)" title="Partai Demokratik (Jepang)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Partai Demokratik Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> Perdana Menteri Jepang adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_pemerintahan" title="Kepala pemerintahan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kepala pemerintahan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Perdana Menteri diangkat melalui pemilihan di antara anggota
Parlemen.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Bila Majelis Rendah dan
Majelis Tinggi masing-masing memiliki calon perdana menteri, maka calon dari
Majelis Rendah yang diutamakan. Pada praktiknya, perdana menteri berasal dari
partai mayoritas di parlemen. Menteri-menteri kabinet diangkat oleh Perdana
Menteri. Kaisar Jepang mengangkat Perdana Menteri berdasarkan keputusan
Parlemen Jepang, dan memberi persetujuan atas pengangkatan menteri-menteri
kabinet.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Perdana Menteri memerlukan
dukungan dan kepercayaan dari anggota Majelis Rendah untuk bertahan sebagai
Perdana Menteri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">KELUARGA KEKAISARAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvfDIngDFrSlnKcY9lIVPGjfIsReW6l7xh7yvaQaStiTb_JAthKXKQ6esWcB5z_WEI2HoayC1yvfeyT1tkESQpNpcrEJwWLXJn2XRy79C37eLo8sA_LVA6giBtywfxn38xlhnM2q7bDH4J/s1600/8+00px-Famille_royale_japonaise.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvfDIngDFrSlnKcY9lIVPGjfIsReW6l7xh7yvaQaStiTb_JAthKXKQ6esWcB5z_WEI2HoayC1yvfeyT1tkESQpNpcrEJwWLXJn2XRy79C37eLo8sA_LVA6giBtywfxn38xlhnM2q7bDH4J/s320/8+00px-Famille_royale_japonaise.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kaisar</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Akihito</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah Kaisar Jepang yang sekarang. Kaisar Akihito
naik takhta sebagai kaisar ke-125 setelah ayahandanya, Kaisar</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Hirohito</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">mangkat pada 7 Januari 1989. Upacara kenaikan tahta
Kaisar Akihito dilangsungkan pada 12 November</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">1990.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Putra Mahkota</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Naruhito</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menikah dengan Putri
Mahkota</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masako_Owada" title="Masako Owada"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Masako</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: red;">yang berasal dari kalangan rakyat biasa, dan
dikaruniai anak perempuan bernama Aiko</span> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiko_(putri)" title="Aiko (putri)"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Putri Toshi</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">). </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Adik dari Putra Mahkota
Naruhito bernama</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumihito" title="Fumihito"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pangeran Akishino</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menikah
dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiko_Kawashima" title="Kiko Kawashima"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kiko Kawashima</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang juga berasal dari rakyat biasa. Pangeran
Akishino</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memiliki dua anak perempuan</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> (</span><span style="color: #002060;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Putri_Mako&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Putri Mako (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Putri Mako</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #002060;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Putri_Kako&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Putri Kako (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Putri Kako</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">), </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">serta anak laki-laki bernama </span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeran_Hisahito" title="Pangeran Hisahito"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pangeran Hisahito</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">GEOGRAFI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang memiliki lebih dari 3.000 pulau yang terletak di pesisir<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Pasifik" title="Lautan Pasifik"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Lautan Pasifik</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di timur benua</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Asia</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Istilah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Jepang" title="Kepulauan Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kepulauan Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">merujuk kepada empat pulau besar, dari utara ke selatan,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Hokkaido</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Honshu</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Shikoku</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kyushu</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">serta</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Ryukyu" title="Kepulauan Ryukyu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kepulauan Ryukyu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang berada di selatan Kyushu. Sekitar 70% hingga 80% dari wilayah
Jepang terdiri dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan" title="Pegunungan"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pegunungan</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan" title="Hutan"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">berhutan-hutan</span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan cocok untuk
pertanian, industri, serta permukiman. Daerah yang curam berbahaya untuk dihuni
karena risiko tanah longsor akibat gempa bumi, kondisi tanah yang lunak, dan
hujan lebat. Oleh karena itu, permukiman penduduk terpusat di kawasan pesisir.
Jepang termasuk salah</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">satu</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_kepadatan_penduduk" title="Daftar negara menurut kepadatan penduduk"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">negara berpenduduk terpadat di dunia</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> Gempa bumi berkekuatan rendah
dan sesekali letusan gunung berapi sering dialami Jepang karena letaknya di
atas</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di pertemuan tiga</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempeng_tektonik" title="Lempeng tektonik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">lempeng tektonik</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Gempa bumi</span></a> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang merusak sering menyebabkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">tsunami</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Setiap abadnya, di Jepang terjadi
beberapa kali tsunami.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Gempa bumi
besar yang terjadi akhir-akhir ini di Jepang adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Ch%C5%ABetsu_2004" title="Gempa bumi Chūetsu 2004"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Gempa bumi Ch</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ū</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">etsu 2004</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_besar_Hanshin" title="Gempa bumi besar Hanshin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Gempa bumi besar Hanshin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tahun 1995. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Keadaan geografi menyebabkan Jepang
memiliki banyak<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">sumber mata air panas</span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, dan sebagian besar di antaranya telah dibangun sebagai daerah
tujuan wisata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang berada di kawasan beriklim sedang
dengan pembagian empat musim yang jelas. Walaupun demikian, terdapat perbedaan
iklim yang mencolok antara wilayah bagian utara dan wilayah bagian selatan.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_dingin" title="Musim dingin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">musim dingin</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang bagian utara seperti Hokkaido mengalami musim salju,
namun sebaliknya wilayah Jepang bagian selatan beriklim subtropis. Iklim juga
dipengaruhi tiupan angin musim yang bertiup dari benua</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Asia</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ke</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Pasifik" title="Lautan Pasifik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Lautan Pasifik</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada musim dingin, dan sebaliknya pada musim panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Iklim Jepang terbagi atas enam zona
iklim:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Hokkaido</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">: Kawasan paling utara beriklim sedang
dengan musim dingin yang panjang dan membekukan, serta musim panas yang sejuk</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presipitasi" title="Presipitasi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Presipitasi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tidak besar, namun salju banyak turun ketika musim dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Jepang" title="Laut Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Laut Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Di pantai barat Pulau Honshu, tiupan angin dari barat laut
membawa salju yang sangat lebat. Pada</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">musim panas</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kawasan ini lebih sejuk dibandingkan kawasan Pasifik. Walaupun
demikian, suhu di kawasan ini kadangkala dapat menjadi sangat tinggi akibat
fenomena</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angin_fohn" title="Angin fohn"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">angin fohn</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Tinggi_Tengah" title="Dataran Tinggi Tengah"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Dataran Tinggi Tengah</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Wilayah ini beriklim pedalaman dengan perbedaan suhu rata-rata</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">musim panas</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_dingin" title="Musim dingin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">musim dingin</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang sangat mencolok. Perbedaan suhu antara malam hari dan siang
hari juga sangat mencolok</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Pedalaman_Seto" title="Laut Pedalaman Seto"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Laut Pedalaman Seto</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">: Barisan pegunungan di</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Chugoku" title="Wilayah Chugoku"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">wilayah Chugoku</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Shikoku</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menghalangi jalur tiupan angin musim, sehingga kawasan ini sepanjang
tahun beriklim sedang</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Samudra Pasifik</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kawasan pesisir bagian timur Jepang mengalami musim dingin
yang sangat dingin, namun tidak banyak turun salju. Sebaliknya, musim panas
menjadi begitu lembap akibat tiupan angin musim dari tenggara.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Ryukyu" title="Kepulauan Ryukyu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kepulauan Ryukyu</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">: Kepulauan di barat daya Jepang termasuk
Kepulauan Ryukyu beriklim subtropis, hangat sewaktu musim dingin dan suhu yang
tinggi sepanjang musim panas. Presipitasi sangat tinggi, terutama selama musim
hujan.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifun" title="Taifun"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Taifun</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sangat sering terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Suhu tertinggi yang pernah tercatat di
Jepang adalah 40,9 °C (105,6 °F) pada 16 Agustus 2007. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_hujan_di_Asia_Timur" title="Musim hujan di Asia Timur"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Musim hujan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dimulai lebih awal di Okinawa, yakni
sejak awal Mei. Garis depan musim hujan bergerak ke utara, namun berakhir di
Jepang utara sebelum mencapai Hokkaido. Di sebagian besar wilayah Honshu, awal
musim hujan dimulai pertengahan Juni dan berlangsung selama enam minggu. Taifun
sering terjadi sepanjang September dan Oktober. Penyebabnya adalah tekanan
tropis di garis khatulistiwa yang bergerak dari barat daya ke timur laut, dan
sering membawa hujan yang sangat lebat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">HUBUNGAN LUAR NEGERI DAN MILITER<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvFrjBa5Zsp5SGw0WucCKVqreUFk2uBaBpWOamieNsOebkKY0DiEC_WBtrrogJI1CgZWhz5YoZ8VwzB55Lxd7JY6QAeY4Ury3vT_PIfhfTSk0HayAcN-VtTPK1FSh2Afeg7shrv1rq10KL/s1600/10+px-JMSDF_DDH_181_Hyuga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvFrjBa5Zsp5SGw0WucCKVqreUFk2uBaBpWOamieNsOebkKY0DiEC_WBtrrogJI1CgZWhz5YoZ8VwzB55Lxd7JY6QAeY4Ury3vT_PIfhfTSk0HayAcN-VtTPK1FSh2Afeg7shrv1rq10KL/s320/10+px-JMSDF_DDH_181_Hyuga.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang memiliki hubungan ekonomi dan militer yang erat dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan menjalankan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebijakan_luar_negeri" title="Kebijakan luar negeri"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kebijakan luar negeri</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">berdasarkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_Jepang_dengan_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hubungan Jepang dengan Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pakta keamanan
Jepang-AS</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sejak diterima
menjadi anggota</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada tahun 1956, Jepang telah sepuluh kali menjadi anggota tidak
tetap</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Keamanan_PBB" title="Dewan Keamanan PBB"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Dewan Keamanan PBB</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, termasuk tahun 2009-2010.
Jepang adalah salah satu negara</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4" title="G4"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">G4</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang sedang mengusulkan perluasan anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Sebagai negara anggota</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8" title="G8"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">G8</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerja_Sama_Ekonomi_Asia_Pasifik" title="Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">APEC</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasan_Perdagangan_Bebas_ASEAN#ASEAN_Plus_3" title="Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ASEAN Plus 3</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan peserta</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferensi_Tingkat_Tinggi_Asia_Timur" title="Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Asia Timur"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Asia Timur</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang aktif dalam hubungan internasional
dan mempererat persahabatan Jepang dengan negara-negara lain di seluruh dunia.
Fakta pertahanan dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ditandatangani pada Maret</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">2007, dan dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">India</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada Oktober 2008. Pada tahun 2007, Jepang adalah negara donor</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan_Pembangunan_Resmi" title="Bantuan Pembangunan Resmi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Bantuan Pembangunan Resmi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(ODA</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">terbesar kelima di dunia. Negara penerima
bantuan ODA terbesar dari Jepang adalah Indonesia, dengan total bantuan lebih
dari AS$29,5 miliar dari tahun 1960 hingga 2006.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang bersengketa dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Rusia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">mengenai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persengketaan_Kepulauan_Kuril" title="Persengketaan Kepulauan Kuril"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kepulauan Kuril</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Korea Selatan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">mengenai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Liancourt" title="Batu Liancourt"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Batu Liancourt</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Senkaku" title="Kepulauan Senkaku"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kepulauan Senkaku</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang di bawah pemerintahan Jepang dipermasalahkan oleh</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Republik Rakyat Cina</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Taiwan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasal_9_Konstitusi_Jepang" title="Pasal 9 Konstitusi Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Pasal 9 Konstitusi Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">berisi penolakan terhadap perang dan penggunaan kekuatan bersenjata
untuk menyelesaikan persengketaan internasional. Pasal 9 Ayat 2 berisi
pelarangan kepemilikan angkatan bersenjata dan penolakan atas hak keterlibatan
dalam perang. Jepang memiliki</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_Bela_Diri" title="Pasukan Bela Diri"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Pasukan Bela Diri</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang berada di bawah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kementerian_Pertahanan_(Jepang)" title="Kementerian Pertahanan (Jepang)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kementerian Pertahanan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan terdiri dar</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">i<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Bela_Diri_Jepang" title="Angkatan Darat Bela Diri Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Angkatan Darat Bela Diri Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(JGSDF</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Bela_Diri_Jepang" title="Angkatan Laut Bela Diri Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Angkatan Laut Bela Diri Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(JMSDF), dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Udara_Bela_Diri_Jepang" title="Angkatan Udara Bela Diri Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Angkatan Udara Bela Diri Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(JASDF). Pada tahun 1991,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_penyapu_ranjau" title="Kapal penyapu ranjau"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kapal penyapu ranjau</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Angkatan Laut Bela Diri Jepang ikut membersihkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjau_laut" title="Ranjau laut"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ranjau laut</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Persia" title="Teluk Persia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Teluk Persia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(lepas pantai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Kuwait</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">bersama kapal
penyapu ranjau dari delapan negara.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Atas
permintaan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Transisi_PBB_di_Kamboja" title="Pemerintahan Transisi PBB di Kamboja"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Pemerintahan Transisi PBB di Kamboja</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(1992-1993), Jepang mengirimkan pengamat gencatan senjata, pemantau
pemilihan umum, polisi sipil, dan dukungan logistik seperti perbaikan jalan dan
jembatan.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Irak</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pasukan nontempur Jepang membantu misi
kemanusiaan dan kegiatan rekonstruksi infrastruktur mulai Desember 2003 hingga
Februari 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">PREFEKTUR</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">DAN DAERAH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: red;">Jepang terdiri dari 47</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Jepang" title="Prefektur Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">prefektur</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang masing-masing diperintah oleh gubernur bersama dewan legislatif
daerah. Dari utara ke selatan, prefektur-prefektur ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Hokkaido" title="Prefektur Hokkaido"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Hokkaido</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 13. Tokyo 25. Shiga 37. Kagawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Aomori" title="Prefektur Aomori"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Aomori</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 14.
Kanagawa 26. Kyoto 38. Echime<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Iwate" title="Prefektur Iwate"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Iwate</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 15.
Niigata 27. Osaka 39. Kochi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Miyagi" title="Prefektur Miyagi"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Miyagi</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 16.
Toyama 28. Hyogo 40. Fukuoka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Akita" title="Prefektur Akita"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Akita</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 17.
Ishikawa 29. Nara 41. Saga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Yamagata" title="Prefektur Yamagata"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Yamagata</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 18.Fukui 30. Wakayama 42. Nagasaki<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Fukushima" title="Prefektur Fukushima"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Fukushima</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 19. Yamanashi 31. Tottori 43. Kumamoto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Ibaraki" title="Prefektur Ibaraki"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Ibaraki</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 20.
Nagano 32. Shimane 44. Oita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Tochigi" title="Prefektur Tochigi"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Tochigi</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 21.
Gifu 33. Okayama 45. Miyazaki<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Gunma" title="Prefektur Gunma"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Gunma</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 22.
Shizuoka 34. Hiroshima 46. Kagoshima<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Saitama" title="Prefektur Saitama"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Saitama</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 23.
Aichi 35. Yamaguchi 47. Okinawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Chiba" title="Prefektur Chiba"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Chiba</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> 24.
Mie 36. Tokushiwa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Dalam pembagian wilayah menurut letak geografis,
Jepang dibagi menjadi 10 wilayah, yakni: </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Hokkaido</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohoku" title="Tohoku"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Tohoku</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Hokuriku" title="Wilayah Hokuriku"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Hokuriku</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanto" title="Kanto"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kanto</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubu" title="Chubu"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Chubu</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai" title="Kansai"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kansai</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(Kinki),</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chugoku" title="Chugoku"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Chugoku</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Shikoku</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kyushu</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Ryukyu" title="Kepulauan Ryukyu"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kepulauan Ryukyu</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">EKONOMI <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYmLGgXiJVphIhFzg1Wm701iZVtKowM4Ebs7ujMOs4G6Xd7RjnXmzQ1-QSdE8Grra7EyqMU53ejUwbicwE5DUwp586C8Ktz8nlbp7__Xe4vnJWuo5j8u-qz4xn1N0ZQJURW7okxwkWsoRm/s1600/12+450px-Tokyo_stock_exchange.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYmLGgXiJVphIhFzg1Wm701iZVtKowM4Ebs7ujMOs4G6Xd7RjnXmzQ1-QSdE8Grra7EyqMU53ejUwbicwE5DUwp586C8Ktz8nlbp7__Xe4vnJWuo5j8u-qz4xn1N0ZQJURW7okxwkWsoRm/s320/12+450px-Tokyo_stock_exchange.jpg" width="234" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sejak</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Meiji" title="Periode Meiji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">periode Meiji</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(1868-1912), Jepang mulai menganut ekonomi</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar_bebas" title="Pasar bebas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pasar bebas</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan mengadopsi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kapitalisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">model Inggris dan Amerika Serikat. Sistem pendidikan Barat
diterapkan di Jepang, dan ribuan orang Jepang dikirim ke Amerika Serikat dan
Eropa untuk belajar. Lebih dari 3.000 orang Eropa dan Amerika didatangkan
sebagai tenaga pengajar di Jepang. Pada awal periode Meiji, pemerintah
membangun jalan kereta api, jalan raya, dan memulai reformasi kepemilikan
tanah. Pemerintah membangun pabrik dan galangan kapal untuk dijual kepada
swasta dengan harga murah. Sebagian dari perusahaan yang didirikan pada periode
Meiji berkembang menjadi</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">zaibatsu</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan beberapa di
antaranya masih beroperasi hingga kini. Pertumbuhan ekonomi riil dari tahun
1960-an hingga 1980-an sering disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keajaiban_ekonomi_Jepang_pascaperang" title="Keajaiban ekonomi Jepang pascaperang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">"keajaiban ekonomi Jepang"</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yakni rata-rata</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">10% pada tahun 1960-an, 5% pada tahun
1970-an, dan 4% pada tahun 1980-an.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Dekade
1980-an merupakan masa keemasan ekspor otomotif dan barang elektronik ke Eropa
dan Amerika Serikat sehingga terjadi surplus</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">neraca perdagangan yang mengakibatkan konflik perdagangan. Setelah
ditandatanganinya</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Plaza" title="Perjanjian Plaza"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perjanjian Plaza</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">1985, dolar AS mengalami depresiasi terhadap yen. Pada Februari
1987, tingkat diskonto resmi diturunkan hingga 2,5% agar produk manufaktur
Jepang bisa kembali kompetitif setelah terjadi kemerosotan volume ekspor akibat
menguatnya yen. Akibatnya, terjadi surplus<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likuiditas" title="Likuiditas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">likuiditas</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penciptaan_uang" title="Penciptaan uang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">penciptaan uang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dalam jumlah besar. Spekulasi menyebabkan harga<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">saham</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realestat" title="Realestat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">realestat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">terus meningkat, dan berakibat pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggelembungan_harga_aset_di_Jepang" title="Penggelembungan harga aset di Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">penggelembungan harga aset</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Harga tanah terutama menjadi sangat
tinggi akibat adanya "mitos tanah" bahwa harga tanah tidak akan
jatuh.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Ekonomi gelembung Jepang
jatuh pada awal tahun 1990-an akibat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebijakan_moneter" title="Kebijakan moneter"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kebijakan uang ketat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang dikeluarkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Bank of Japan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada 1989, dan kenaikan tingkat diskonto resmi menjadi 6%.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pada 1990, pemerintah mengeluarkan
sistem baru pajak penguasaan tanah dan bank diminta untuk membatasi pendanaan
aset properti.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_rata-rata_Nikkei" title="Indeks rata-rata Nikkei"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Indeks rata-rata Nikkei</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan harga tanah jatuh pada
Desember 1989 dan musim gugur 1990.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pertumbuhan ekonomi
mengalami stagnasi pada 1990-an, dengan angka rata-rata pertumbuhan ekonomi
riil hanya 1,7% sebagai akibat penanaman modal yang tidak efisien dan penggelembungan
harga aset pada 1980-an. Institusi keuangan menanggung</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kredit_bermasalah" title="Kredit bermasalah"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kredit bermasalah</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">karena telah mengeluarkan pinjaman uang dengan jaminan tanah atau
saham. Usaha pemerintah mengembalikan pertumbuhan ekon</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">omi </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">hanya sedikit yang berhasil dan
selanjutnya terhambat oleh</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelembung_dot-com" title="Gelembung dot-com"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kelesuan ekonomi global</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tahun 2000.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang adalah perekonomian</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(nominal)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">terbesar nomor dua</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di dunia setelah Amerika Serikat,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produk_Domestik_Bruto" title="Produk Domestik Bruto"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">PDB nominal</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekitar AS$4,5 triliun, dan
perekonomian terbesar ke-3 di dunia setelah AS dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Republik Rakyat Cina</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keseimbangan_kemampuan_berbelanja" title="Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Industri</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">utama Jepang
adalah sektor</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbankan" title="Perbankan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">perbankan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuransi" title="Asuransi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">asuransi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realestat" title="Realestat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">realestat</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis_eceran" title="Bisnis eceran"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">bisnis eceran</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi_di_Jepang" title="Transportasi di Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">transportasi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">telekomunikasi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruksi" title="Konstruksi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">konstruksi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang memiliki industri</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">berteknologi tinggi di bidang</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomotif" title="Otomotif"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">otomotif</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">elektronik</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_perkakas" title="Mesin perkakas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">mesin perkakas</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">baja</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">logam</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">non-besi</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">perkapalan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_kimia" title="Industri kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">industri kimia</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">tekstil</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengolahan_makanan" title="Pengolahan makanan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pengolahan makanan</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Sebesar tiga perempat dari produk
domestik bruto Jepang berasal dari sektor jasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaqZ8uY1CIToXclkke4nPJvgXuJJXYqxA0phIR0tR5glWslDOH-M8WUUSJppvhoI8Xc5ERwhgNGRzeYzbBFZDuQBxwYNwk5LfymuDNhepaBuRrL8T0hyphenhyphenZ34mk2iYY0gl1v9Ibde9qsmugB/s1600/13+Yokohama_MinatoMirai21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaqZ8uY1CIToXclkke4nPJvgXuJJXYqxA0phIR0tR5glWslDOH-M8WUUSJppvhoI8Xc5ERwhgNGRzeYzbBFZDuQBxwYNwk5LfymuDNhepaBuRrL8T0hyphenhyphenZ34mk2iYY0gl1v9Ibde9qsmugB/s320/13+Yokohama_MinatoMirai21.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Hingga tahun 2001, jumlah angkatan kerja Jepang mencapai 67 juta
orang.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_tingkat_pengangguran" title="Daftar negara menurut tingkat pengangguran"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Tingkat
pengangguran</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di Jepang sekitar 4%. Pada tahun 2007, Jepang menempati urutan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ke-19 dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(PPP)_per_jam_kerja&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (PPP) per jam kerja (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">produktivitas tenaga
kerja</span></b></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Menurut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_Big_Mac" title="Indeks Big Mac"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">indeks Big Mac</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tenaga kerja di Jepang mendapat upah per jam terbesar di dunia</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor" title="Toyota Motor"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt;">Toyota Motor</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Mitsubishi UFJ
Financial</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Nintendo</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" title="NTT DoCoMo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">NTT DoCoMo</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_%26_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph & Telephone"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Nippon
Telegraph & Telephone</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon" title="Canon"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Canon</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushita_Electric_Industrial" title="Matsushita Electric Industrial"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Matsushita
Electric Industrial</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda" title="Honda"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Honda</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Corporation"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Mitsubishi Corporation</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Financial" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Financial"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sumitomo Mitsui
Financial</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah 10 besar perusahaan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang pada tahun 2008.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Sejumlah
326 perusahaan Jepang masuk ke dalam daftar<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Forbes Global 2000</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">atau 16,3% dari 2000 perusahaan publik terbesar di dunia (data tahun
2006).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_Saham_Tokyo" title="Bursa Saham Tokyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Bursa Saham Tokyo</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memiliki total</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisasi_pasar" title="Kapitalisasi pasar"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kapitalisasi pasar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">terbesar nomor dua di dunia</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Indeks dari 225 saham perusahaan besar yang diperdagangkan di Bursa
Saham Tokyo disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Nikkei 225</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Dalam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_Kemudahan_Berbisnis" title="Indeks Kemudahan Berbisnis"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Indeks Kemudahan
Berbisnis</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang
menempati peringkat ke-12, dan termasuk salah satu negara maju dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_penerimaan_pajak_sebagai_persentase_PDB&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daftar negara menurut penerimaan pajak sebagai persentase PDB (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">birokrasi paling
sederhana</span></b></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kapitalisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">model Jepang memiliki
sejumlah ciri khas.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Keiretsu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah grup usaha yang
beranggotakan perusahaan yang saling memiliki kerja sama bisnis dan kepemilikan
saham. Negosiasi upah </span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt%C5%8D" title="Shuntō"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">shunt</span></i><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt;">ō</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">berikut perbaikan kondisi kerja antara
manajemen dan serikat buruh dilakukan setiap awal</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_semi" title="Musim semi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">musim semi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Budaya bisnis Jepang mengenal konsep-konsep lokal, seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Nenk%C5%8D" title="Sistem Nenkō"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sistem Nenk</span></i><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 10pt;">ō</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemawashi" title="Nemawashi"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">nemawashi</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">salaryman</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_lady" title="Office lady"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">office lady</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Perusahaan di Jepang mengenal kenaikan pangkat berdasarkan
senioritas dan jaminan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekerjaan_seumur_hidup" title="Pekerjaan seumur hidup"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pekerjaan seumur hidup</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kejatuhan ekonomi gelembung yang diikuti kebangkrutan besar-besaran
dan pemutusan hubungan kerja menyebabkan jaminan pekerjaan seumur hidup mulai
ditinggalkan. Perusahaan Jepang dikenal dengan metode manajemen seperti</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toyota_Way" title="The Toyota Way"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">The Toyota Way</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivisme_pemegang_saham" title="Aktivisme pemegang saham"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Aktivisme pemegang
saham</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sangat jarang.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Dalam</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_Kebebasan_Ekonomi" title="Indeks Kebebasan Ekonomi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Indeks Kebebasan
Ekonomi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang
menempati urutan ke-5 negara paling<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">laissez-faire</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di antara 41 negara Asia Pasifik.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKz6FqIXKAKVQPvyo3g9KegECT1aKqmw34VBKn1yL4pUTTkl08UwUCB-azKe9jRQYcCgfU1uj9Wx2IAu1qGQt1iX8PGqv15dCvojZtsOsJtKjIybKU4Ksc6256qrDFrjQoHAkZ_uMcbhyphenhyphenP/s1600/14+800px-Toyota_Prius_side.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKz6FqIXKAKVQPvyo3g9KegECT1aKqmw34VBKn1yL4pUTTkl08UwUCB-azKe9jRQYcCgfU1uj9Wx2IAu1qGQt1iX8PGqv15dCvojZtsOsJtKjIybKU4Ksc6256qrDFrjQoHAkZ_uMcbhyphenhyphenP/s320/14+800px-Toyota_Prius_side.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Total ekspor Jepang pada tahun 2005</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_ekspor_per_kapita&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daftar negara menurut ekspor per kapita (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">4.210 dolar AS per kapita</span></b></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pasar ekspor terbesar Jepang tahun 2006
adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">22,8%,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Uni Eropa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">14,5%,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Cina</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">14,3%,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Korea Selatan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">7,8%,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Cina" title="Republik Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Taiwan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">6,8%,</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Hong Kong</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">5,6%. Produk ekspor unggulan Jepang adalah alat transportasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendaraan_bermotor" title="Kendaraan bermotor"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">kendaraan bermotor</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">elektronik</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">mesin-mesin listrik, dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_kimia" title="Bahan kimia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">bahan kimia</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Negara sumber impor
terbesar bagi Jepang pada tahun 2006 adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Cina</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">20,5%,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">AS</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">12,0%,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Uni Eropa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">10,3%,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Arab Saudi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">6,4</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">%,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Uni Emirat Arab</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">5,5%,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">4,8%,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Korea Selatan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">4,7%, dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">4,2%. Impor utama Jepang adalah mesin-mesin dan perkakas,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_bumi" title="Minyak bumi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">minyak bumi</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, ba</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">han<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan" title="Makanan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">makanan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">tekstil</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan bahan mentah untuk industri. Jepang
adalah negara pengimpor hasil laut terbesar di dunia (senilai AS$ 14 miliar).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Jepang berada di peringkat ke-6
setelah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">RRC</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Peru</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili" title="Chili"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Chili</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dengan total tangkapan ikan yang terus
menurun sejak 1996. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pertanian adalah sektor industri andalan hingga beberapa tahun se</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">usai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang Dunia II</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Menurut sensus tahun 1950, sekitar 50%
angkatan kerja berada di bidang pertanian. Sepanjang "masa keajaiban
ekonomi Jepang", angkatan kerja di bidang pertanian terus menyusut hingga
sekitar 4,1% pada tahun 2008.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pada
Februari 2007 terdapat 1.813.000 keluarga petani komersial, namun di antaranya
hanya kurang dari 21,2% atau 387.000 keluarga petani pengusaha.</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang#cite_note-yano_agri0.5-79"></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sebagian besar angkatan kerja pertanian sudah berusia lanjut,
sementara angkatan kerja usia muda hanya sedikit yang bekerja di bidang
pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">DEMOGRAFI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQLQ6Xd8ivqHznFRn7G3iYCyps0sA4SHC6Y-93n_kPjKa1IXZQ2Oft3agQsd-R8CsKdjqxud24GYGPVeuyYDqFnuobyvJruEHsLYyxe6c8ofolve_VxfMxKkZ8vntWVRW4kpgXepxybTC/s1600/15+px-Shibuya_night.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQLQ6Xd8ivqHznFRn7G3iYCyps0sA4SHC6Y-93n_kPjKa1IXZQ2Oft3agQsd-R8CsKdjqxud24GYGPVeuyYDqFnuobyvJruEHsLYyxe6c8ofolve_VxfMxKkZ8vntWVRW4kpgXepxybTC/s320/15+px-Shibuya_night.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Populasi Jepang diperkirakan sekitar 127,614 juta orang (perkiraan 1
Februari 2009). Masyarakat Jepang homogen dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnis" title="Etnis"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">etnis</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">budaya</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">bahasa</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dengan sedikit</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">populasi pekerja asing. Di antara sedikit
penduduk minoritas di Jepang terdapat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Korea_di_Jepang" title="Orang Korea di Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">orang Korea Zainichi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orang_Cina_di_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Orang Cina di Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Cina
Zainichi</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orang_Filipina_di_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Orang Filipina di Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">orang Filipina</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orang_Brazil-Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Orang Brazil-Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">orang
Brazil-Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orang_Peru-Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Orang Peru-Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">orang
Peru-Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada 2003, ada sekitar 136.000 orang Barat yang menjadi ekspatriat
di Jepang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kewarganegaraan Jepang diberikan kepada bayi yang dilahirkan dari
ayah atau ibu berkewarganegaraan Jepang, ayah berkewarganegaraan Jepang yang
wafat sebelum bayi lahir, atau bayi yang lahir di Jepang dengan ayah/ibu tidak
diketahui/tidak</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memiliki</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warga_negara" title="Warga negara"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kewarganegaraan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_bangsa" title="Suku bangsa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Suku bangsa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang paling dominan adalah
penduduk asli yang disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Yamato" title="Suku Yamato"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">suku Yamato</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelompok_minoritas" title="Kelompok minoritas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kelompok minoritas</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">utama yang terdiri dari penduduk asli</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Ainu" title="Suku Ainu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">suku Ainu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orang_Ryukyu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Orang Ryukyu (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Ryukyu</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ditambah kelompok minoritas secara sosial
yang disebut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin"><i><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">burakumin</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pada tahun 2006, tingkat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harapan_hidup" title="Harapan hidup"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">harapan hidup</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di Jepang adalah 81,25
tahun, dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">merupakan salah
satu tingkat harapan hidup tertinggi di dunia.<sup> </sup>Namun populasi Jepang
dengan cepat menua sebagai dampak dari</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledakan_kelahiran_pasca_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Ledakan kelahiran pasca Perang Dunia II"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ledakan
kelahiran pascaperang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">diikuti dengan penurunan
tingkat kelahiran. Pada tahun 2004, sekitar 19,5% dari populasi Jepang</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sudah berusia di atas 65 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHyVP468_-W3kW1PUsWiY3TreeH2hRCi8-zZU4QmFmyLsUzNGG5AJQ23avE9CGsjem9DnORHrvA71KtjwoNsUmDpInfyX1CRKPMASYptdBHwPP7otWc-8ACBpAs0HvfoKjccFDKxKZry5G/s1600/16+Itsukushima_torii_distance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHyVP468_-W3kW1PUsWiY3TreeH2hRCi8-zZU4QmFmyLsUzNGG5AJQ23avE9CGsjem9DnORHrvA71KtjwoNsUmDpInfyX1CRKPMASYptdBHwPP7otWc-8ACBpAs0HvfoKjccFDKxKZry5G/s320/16+Itsukushima_torii_distance.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Perubahan dalam struktur demografi menyebabkan sejumlah masalah
sosial, terutama kecenderungan menurunnya populasi angkatan kerja dan
meningkatnya biaya jaminan sosial seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensiun" title="Pensiun"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">uang pensiun</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Masalah lain termasuk meningkatkan generasi muda yang memilih untuk
tidak</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menikah" title="Menikah"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menikah</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">atau memiliki keluarga
ketika dewasa.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Populasi Jepang
dikhawatirkan akan merosot menjadi 100 juta pada tahun 2050 dan makin menurun
hingga 64 juta pada tahun 2100.<sup> </sup>Pakar demografi dan pejabat
pemerintah kini dalam perdebatan hangat mengenai cara menangani masalah
penurunan jumlah penduduk.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigrasi" title="Imigrasi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Imigrasi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan insentif uang untuk
kelahiran bayi sering disarankan sebagai pemecahan masalah penduduk Jepang yang</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">semakin menua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Perkiraan tertinggi jumlah penganut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">agama Buddha</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekaligus</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Shinto</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah 84-96% yang menunjukkan besarnya jumlah penganut sinkretisme
dari kedua agama tersebut.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Walaupun
demikian, perkiraan tersebut hanya didasarkan pada jumlah orang yang
diperkirakan ada hubungan dengan kuil, dan bukan jumlah penduduk yang
sungguh-sungguh menganut kedua agama tersebut.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Professor Robert Kisala (dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Nanzan" title="Universitas Nanzan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Universitas Nanzan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memperkirakan hanya 30% dari penduduk
Jepang yang mengaku menganut suatu agama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Taoisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Konfusianisme</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dari Cina juga memengaruhi
kepercayaan dan tradisi Jepang. Agama di Jepang cenderung bersifat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretisme" title="Sinkretisme"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sinkretisme</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dengan hasil berupa berbagai macam tradisi, seperti orang tua
membawa anak-anak ke upacara</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Shinto</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pelajar berdoa</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_Shinto" title="Kuil Shinto"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kuil Shinto</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">meminta lulus ujian, pernikahan ala Barat di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapel" title="Kapel"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kapel</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">atau</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja" title="Gereja"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">gereja</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kristen</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sementara pemakaman diurus oleh</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_Buddha" title="Kuil Buddha"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kuil Buddha</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Penduduk beragama</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kristen</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">hanya </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">minoritas sejumlah (2.595.397 juta atau 2,04%).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kebanyakan orang Jepang mengambil
sikap tidak peduli terhadap</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">agama</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan melihat</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">agama</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sebagai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">budaya</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradisi" title="Tradisi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tradisi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Bila ditanya</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">mengenai agama,
mereka akan mengatakan bahwa mereka beragama</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Buddha</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">hanya karena
nenek moyang mereka menganut salah satu sekte agama Buddha. Selain itu, di
Jepang</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sejak
pertengahan abad ke-19 bermunculan berbagai sekte agama baru</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinsh%C5%ABky%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Shinshūkyō (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Shinsh</span></i><i><span style="color: #002060; font-size: 10pt;">ū</span></i><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ky</span></i><i><span style="color: #002060; font-size: 10pt;">ō</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">seperti</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Tenrikyo</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Aum Shinrikyo</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(atau Aleph).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Lebih dari 99% penduduk Jepang berbicara</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bahasa Jepang"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">bahasa Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sebagai bahasa ibu.<sup> </sup>Bahasa
Jepang adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_aglutinatif" title="Bahasa aglutinatif"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">bahasa aglutinatif</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuturan_hormat_dalam_bahasa_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tuturan hormat dalam bahasa Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tuturan hormat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(kata honorifik) yang mencerminkan
hirarki dalam masyarakat Jepang. Pemilihan kata kerja dan kosa kata menunjukkan
status pembicara dan pendengar. Menurut</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamus_bahasa_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kamus bahasa Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kamus
bahasa Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Shinsen-kokugojiten</span></i><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, kosa kata dari Cina berjumlah sekitar 49,1% dari kosa kata
keseluruhan, kata-kata asli Jepang hanya 33,8% dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_serapan" title="Kata serapan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kata serapan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekitar 8,8%.</span><sup><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_penulisan_bahasa_Jepang" title="Sistem penulisan bahasa Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Bahasa
Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ditulis memakai aksar</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">kanji</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">hiragana</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">katakana</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ditamba</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">h<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf_Latin" title="Huruf Latin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">huruf Latin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">penulisan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angka_Arab" title="Angka Arab"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">angka Arab</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ryukyu" title="Bahasa Ryukyu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Bahasa Ryukyu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang juga termasuk salah satu</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_bahasa_Japonik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Keluarga bahasa Japonik (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">keluarga bahasa Japonik</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dipakai</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektur_Okinawa" title="Prefektur Okinawa"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">orang Okinawa</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">tapi hanya sedikit dipelajari anak-anak.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ainu" title="Bahasa Ainu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Bahasa Ainu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_mati" title="Bahasa mati"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">bahasa mati</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dengan hanya sedikit</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_ibu" title="Bahasa ibu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">penutur asli</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang sudah berusia lanjut</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Hokkaido</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Murid sekolah
negeri dan swasta di Jepang hanya diharuskan belajar bahasa Jepang dan bahasa
Inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgijT5MXmuFFP2gTFX4EtiSZit_hVvDjUSTRn2vXjNsQ3BXZNeaiB5QZNwbvlbS7OQSkAg8Gx3cnCLxcE2MTDOARlRmhr1Z6xclZsxt9jW0tb9qeIMFcD6KnRDyvrYxpGj7jeV4IGpsm705/s1600/17+Yasuda_Auditorium,_Tokyo_University_-_Nov_2005.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgijT5MXmuFFP2gTFX4EtiSZit_hVvDjUSTRn2vXjNsQ3BXZNeaiB5QZNwbvlbS7OQSkAg8Gx3cnCLxcE2MTDOARlRmhr1Z6xclZsxt9jW0tb9qeIMFcD6KnRDyvrYxpGj7jeV4IGpsm705/s320/17+Yasuda_Auditorium,_Tokyo_University_-_Nov_2005.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Pendidikan dasar dan menengah, serta pendidikan tinggi diperkenalkan
di Jepang pada 1872 sebagai hasil</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorasi_Meiji" title="Restorasi Meiji"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Restorasi Meiji</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sejak 1947, program wajib belajar di Jepang mewajibkan setiap warga
negara untuk untuk bersekolah selama 9 tahun di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_Dasar" title="Sekolah Dasar"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Sekolah Dasar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_Menengah_Pertama" title="Sekolah Menengah Pertama"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Sekolah Menengah Pertama</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(dari usia 6 hingga 15 tahun). Di kalangan penduduk berusia 15 tahun
ke atas, tingkat melek huruf sebesar 99%, laki-laki: 99%; perempuan: 99%
(2002). Hampir semua murid meneruskan ke<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_Menengah_Atas" title="Sekolah Menengah Atas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Sekolah Menengah Atas</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan menurut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kementerian_Pendidikan,_Budaya,_Olahraga,_Ilmu_Pengetahuan_dan_Teknologi_(Jepang)" title="Kementerian Pendidikan, Budaya, Olahraga, Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (Jepang)"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">MEXT</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekitar 75,9% lulusan sekolah menengah atas pada tahun 2005
melanjutkan ke<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas" title="Universitas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">universitas</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi" title="Akademi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">akademi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekolah keterampilan, atau lembaga
pendidikan tinggi lainnya.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pendidikan
di Jepang sangat kompetitif,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>khususnya
dalam ujian masuk perguruan tinggi. Dua peringkat teratas universitas di Jepang
ditempati oleh</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Tokyo" title="Universitas Tokyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Universitas Tokyo</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Keio" title="Universitas Keio"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Universitas Keio</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Dalam peringkat yang
disusun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Penilaian_Pelajar_Internasional" title="Program Penilaian Pelajar Internasional"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Program Penilaian Pelajar Internasional</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dari</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_untuk_Kerjasama_dan_Pengembangan_Ekonomi" title="Organisasi untuk Kerjasama dan Pengembangan Ekonomi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">OECD</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pengetahuan dan keterampilan anak Jepang
berusia 15 tahun berada di peringkat nomor enam terbaik di dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Budaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Budaya Jepang mencakup interaksi antara budaya asli</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomon" title="Jomon"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Jomon</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang kokoh dengan pengaruh dari luar negeri yang menyusul. Mula-mula</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Cina</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Korea</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">banyak membawa pengaruh, bermula dengan perkembangan budaya</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi" title="Yayoi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Yayoi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekita</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">r<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_SM" title="300 SM"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">300 SM</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Gabungan tradisi budaya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Yunani</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">India</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">memengaruhi seni dan keagamaan Jepang s</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">ejak<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-6" title="Abad ke-6"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">abad ke-6</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Masehi, dilengkapi dengan pengenalan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">agama Buddha</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sekt</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">e<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Mahayana</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sejak abad ke-16, pengaruh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Eropa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">menonjol, disusul dengan pengaruh</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang mendominasi Jepang setelah berakhirnya</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Perang Dunia II</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang turut
mengembangkan budaya yang original dan unik, dalam seni </span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ikebana</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami" title="Origami"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">origami</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ukiyo-e</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerajinan_tangan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kerajinan tangan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kerajinan tangan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahatan" title="Pahatan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">pahatan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembikar" title="Tembikar"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">tembikar</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">persembahan (boneka<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">bunraku</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_buyo" title="Nihon buyo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">tarian tradisional</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kabuki</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh" title="Noh"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">noh</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">rakugo</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">), dan tradisi </span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_Jepang" title="Permainan Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">permainan Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">onsen</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sento" title="Sento"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">sento</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upacara_minum_teh" title="Upacara minum teh"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">upacara minum teh</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Jepang" title="Taman Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">taman Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">), </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">serta</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan_Jepang" title="Makanan Jepang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">makanan Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Kini, Jepang merupakan salah sebuah pengekspor budaya pop yang
terbesar.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Anime</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">manga</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">mode</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">film</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesusastraan" title="Kesusastraan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">kesusastraan</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_video" title="Permainan video"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">permainan video</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">musik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang menerima sambutan hangat di seluruh dunia, terutama di
negara-negara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Asia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang lain. Pemuda Jepang gemar menciptakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>trend</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>baru dan kegemaran mengikut gaya
mereka memengaruhi mode dan trend seluruh dunia. Pasar muda-mudi yang amat baik
merupakan ujian untuk produk-produk elektronik konsumen yang baru, di mana gaya
dan fungsinya ditentukan oleh pengguna Jepang, sebelum dipertimbangkan untuk
diedarkan ke seluruh dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Baru-baru ini Jepang mula mengekspor satu lagi komoditas budaya yang
bernilai: olahragawan. Popularitas pemain</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbol" title="Bisbol"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">bisbol</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Jepang di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">meningkatkan kesadaran warga negara Barat tersebut terhadap
segalanya mengenai Jepang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmnVQbcACuWt35Ot84AgUeDrTrCM4_Oab9a9OuCrQz9uK3Ea83OHOwczfQ_QhN_4T0CKzgH3jWV9U5obJa4hucJjbTekAlNZNir4T8iKakiewRYLpU9ao_RNzYY7ykRFPJkYYsXFj57DJS/s1600/18+Chakin-sushi2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmnVQbcACuWt35Ot84AgUeDrTrCM4_Oab9a9OuCrQz9uK3Ea83OHOwczfQ_QhN_4T0CKzgH3jWV9U5obJa4hucJjbTekAlNZNir4T8iKakiewRYLpU9ao_RNzYY7ykRFPJkYYsXFj57DJS/s320/18+Chakin-sushi2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Orang Jepang biasanya gemar memakan makanan tradisi mereka. Sebagian
besar acara TV pada waktu petang dikhususkan pada penemuan dan penghasilan
makanan tradisional yang bermutu. Makanan Jepang mencetak nama di seluruh dunia
dengan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">sushi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">yang biasanya dibuat dari pelbagai jenis
ikan mentah yang digabungkan dengan nasi da</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">n<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">wasabi</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">Sushi memiliki banyak penggemar di
seluruh dunia. Makanan Jepang bertumpu pada peralihan musim, dengan menghidangkan
mi dingin dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">sashimi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">musim panas</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">sedangkan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">ramen</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">panas dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabu-shabu" title="Shabu-shabu"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">shabu-shabu</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">pada</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_dingin" title="Musim dingin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">musim dingin</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Sumber : </span></b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-87837926910758136972012-04-08T07:35:00.000-07:002012-04-08T07:35:29.106-07:00CARA MEMBUAT BEDAK YANG ALAMI<br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Bedak adalah campuran tepung pati dengan bahan pengharum,
kadang-kadang ditambah dengan bahan pelembab, penahan sinar ultrafiolet dan
anti septik. Bedak dingin adalah bedak tradisional dibuat dari beras dengan </span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">campuran potongan bunga mawar,</span><span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">melati kenanga, sedap malam, cempaka, dan irisan daun pandan.</span><span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> Misalnya membuat bedak dengan pasta
pati bengkuang dan tepung beras basah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bengkuang termasuk dalam kategori tanaman fitoestrogen. Bagi kaum
perempuan, kehadiran</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><span style="color: #7030a0;">fitoestrogen</span></b>
<span style="color: #00b0f0;">sangat diperlukan untuk mempertahankan kualitas
hidup di usia tua. Ketika memasuki masa menopause di mana hormon estrogen tak
lagi diproduksi tubuh, perempuan mengalami kemunduran fisik, diantaraya kulit
cepat mengeriput serta organ tulang mulai rapuh dan mudah patah. Bila sedari
muda wanita sering mengonsumsi fitoestrogen seperti bengkuang di saat
menopause, tubuh masih memiliki cadangan</span> <b><span style="color: #7030a0;">estrogen</span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0;">.
Fisik akan tetap fit dan tulang tetap kuat maski sudah memasuki usia nenek-nenek.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bengkuang juga baik untuk kesehatan kulit.
Umbi serta kulitnya adpat mengobati berbagai penyakit kulit seperti eksim dan
kutil. Umbinya yang berwarna putih bersifat dingin dan menyejukkan sehingga
dapat digunakan untuk mendinginkan lapisan kulit yang seharian diterpa panas
sinar matahari.
Bedak dingin hanyalah contoh kegunaan bengkuang yang cukup populer di dunia
kosmetika.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. BAHAN</span></b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bengkuang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tepung beras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan pewangi berupa : bunga mawar 5
kuntum, bunga kenanga 5 kuntum, daun pandan 10 lembar ,bunga melati setengah
genggam, bunga cempaka setengah genggam, dan bunga sedap malam setengah
genggam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. PERALATAN</span></b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kain saring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wadah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat penjemur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. CARA PEMBUATAN</span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
1. Pembuatan Pasta Pati Bengkuang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemarutan. Bengkuang dikupas, kemudian dicuci dan diparut, 1
parutan disebut dengan bubur bengkuang.Ekstraksi pati. Bubur bengkuang diencerkan
dengan menambah air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap 1 liter parutan ditambah dengan 1 liter air. Bubur encer
diaduk-aduk kemudian disaring dengan kain saring. Pati bengkuang bersama cairan
akan lolos, sedangkan serat kasar dan bahan-bahan kasar akan tertahan pada kain
saring. Cairan yang lolos tersebut didiamkan selama 4~5 jam sehingga patinya
mengendap sebagai lapisan pasta. Endapan pati tersebut disebut dengan pasta
pati Dilapisan pasta terdapat air yang agak jernih. Lapisan pasta pati diambil
dengan membuang air yang berada di atasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">2. Pembuatan Tepung Beras Basah</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beras dicuci sampai bersih, kemudian
direndam di dalam air semalaman. Perendaman dapat juga dilakukan sampai 2 malam
sehingga rendaman agak berbau asam. Setelah itu air perendam dibuang,berasnya
ditiriskan sampai beras agak kering. Setelah itu beras ditumbuk atau digiling
sampai halus. Hasilnya disebut dengan tepung beras basah.<br />
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3. Pembuatan Bedak Basah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan bedak basah. Pasta pati
bengkuang dicampur dengan tepung beras basah. Setiap 1 kg pasta pati bengkuang
dicampur dengan 1 kg tepung beras basah Campuran ini diaduk-aduk sampai rata.
Setelah itu dibentuk menjadi bualatan sebesar kelereng bulatan tersebut
kemudian dipipihkan dengan jari tangan. Bulatan pipih ini disebut dengan bedak
basah.<br />
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4. Pembuatan Campuran Pengharum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bunga mawar dipreteli dengan
melepaskan kelopaknya. Sedangkan bunga kenanga dan daun pandan diiris-iris.
Potongan bunga mawar, irisan bunga kenanga, irisan daun pandan bunga melati,
bunga cempaka dan bunga sedap malam dicampur dan diaduk sampai rata. Campuran
ini disebut pengharum. Setiap 1 kg bedak basah memerlukan bunga mawar 5 kuntum,
bunga kenanga 5 kuntum, daun pandan 10 lembar ,bunga melati setengah genggam,
bunga cempaka setengah genggam, dan bunga sedap malam setengah genggam.<br />
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5. Pengeringan dan Pemberian Pengharum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bedak basah dikeringanginkan selama 2 jam, kemudian dicampur
dengan pengharum. Campuran ini dikeringanginkan lagi selama 2 jam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah pengeringanginan campuran bedak dan pengharum dijemur
dengan sinar matahari sampai kering. Selama pengeringan dilakukan pembalikan
beberapa kali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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6. Pemakaian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bedak ini dipakai seperti memakai
bedak beras. Kepingan bedak ditambah air, kemudian dihaluskan. Selanjutnya
dilulurkan ke kulit wajah, tangan dan kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber : <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.smallcrab.com/kesehatan/640-membuat-bedak-dingin-bengkuang"><span style="color: red;">http://www.smallcrab.com/kesehatan/640-membuat-bedak-dingin-bengkuang</span></a></span></span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-46879747541028581102012-04-06T09:00:00.001-07:002012-04-06T09:00:42.963-07:00Graffity<br />
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Grafiti</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b></span><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(juga disebut graffity atau graffiti)<span class="apple-converted-space"> adalah orang coretan-coretan pada dinding yang menggunakan komposisi warna, garis, bentuk,dan volume untuk menuliskan kata, simbol, atau kalimat tertentu. Alat yang digunakan pada masa kini biasanya cat semprot kaleng. Sebelum cat semprot tersedia, grafiti umumnya dibuat dengan sapuan</span></span> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Cat"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cat</span></a></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b></span><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">menggunakan kuas
atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Kapur"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">kapur</span></a></span></b><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">1 1. </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sejarah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kebiasaan melukis di dinding bermula dari manusia primitif
sebagai cara mengkomunikasikan perburuan. Pada masa ini, grafitty digunakan
sebagai sarana mistisme dan spiritual untuk membangkitkan semangat berburu.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Perkembangan kesenian di zaman Mesir kuno juga memperlihatkan
aktivitas melukis di dinding-dinding piramida. Lukisan ini mengkomunikasikan
alam lain yang ditemui seorang pharaoh (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Firaun"><span style="color: #0070c0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Firaun</span></a>)
setelah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Mumi"><span style="color: #0070c0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dimumikan</span></a>.</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr_oMHaaQQiCAaoyj5tYWxaI-SV78dlngpWEzLQk7AdL3cERQhxy5o6U26CnEcWH44qv7pIMBrW0QAK0BV5yqARQuP3MMnAsBd9SEw7ld5pThafiLcDKREat90LUviI7yNkMOtQCjsM0FQ/s1600/1Pompeii-graffiti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr_oMHaaQQiCAaoyj5tYWxaI-SV78dlngpWEzLQk7AdL3cERQhxy5o6U26CnEcWH44qv7pIMBrW0QAK0BV5yqARQuP3MMnAsBd9SEw7ld5pThafiLcDKREat90LUviI7yNkMOtQCjsM0FQ/s1600/1Pompeii-graffiti.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /> Kegiatan grafiti sebagai sarana menunjukkan ketidak puasan baru
dimulai pada zaman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #0070c0; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romawi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Romawi">Romawi</a> </span>dengan
bukti adanya lukisan sindiran terhadap pemerintahan di dinding-dinding
bangunan. Lukisan ini ditemukan di reruntuhan kota<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Pompeii"><span style="color: #0070c0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pompeii</span></a>.
Sementara di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Roma"><span style="color: #0070c0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Roma</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sendiri dipakai sebagai alat
propaganda untuk mendiskreditkan pemeluk kristen yang pada zaman itu dilarang
kaisar.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Graffity Pada Zaman Modern<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adanya kelas-kelas sosial yang terpisah terlalu jauh
menimbulkan kesulitan bagi masyarakat golongan tertentu untuk mengekspresikan
kegiatan seninya. Akibatnya beberapa individu menggunakan sarana yang hampir
tersedia di seluruh kota, yaitu dinding.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pendidikan kesenian yang kurang menyebabkan objek yang sering
muncul di grafiti berupa tulisan-tulisan atau sandi yang hanya dipahami
golongan tertentu. Biasanya karya ini menunjukkan ketidak puasan terhadap
keadaan sosial yang mereka alami.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Meskipun grafiti pada umumnya bersifat merusak dan menyebabkan
tingginya biaya pemeliharaan kebersihan kota, namun grafiti tetap merupakan
ekspresi seni yang harus dihargai. Ada banyak sekali seniman terkenal yang
mengawali kariernya dari kegiatan grafiti.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fungsi Graffity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bahasa rahasia kelompok tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sarana ekspresi ketidak puasan terhadap keadaan sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sarana pemberontakan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sarana ekspresi ketakutan terhadap kondisi politik dan sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hukum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pada perkembangannya, grafiti di sekitar tahun 70-an di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: #0070c0;">Amerika</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Eropa"><span style="color: #0070c0;">Eropa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>akhirnya
merambah ke wilayah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Urban"><span style="color: #0070c0;">urban</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sebagai
jati diri kelompok yang menjamur di perkotaan. Karena citranya yang kurang bagus,
grafiti telanjur menjadi momok bagi keamanan kota. Alasannya adalah karena
dianggap memprovokasi perang antar kelompok atau gang. Selain dilakukan di
tembok kosong, grafiti pun sering dibuat di dinding<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Subway"><span style="color: #0070c0;">kereta api bawah tanah</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Di Amerika Serikat sendiri, setiap negara bagian sudah memiliki
peraturan sendiri untuk meredam grafiti.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="San Diego"><span style="color: #0070c0;">San Diego</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="California"><span style="color: #0070c0;">California</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="New York"><span style="color: #0070c0;">New York</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>telah
memiliki undang-undang yang menetapkan bahwa grafiti adalah kegiatan ilegal.
Untuk mengidentifikasi pola pembuatannya, grafiti pun dibagi menjadi dua jenis.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Gang Graffity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Yaitu grafiti yang berfungsi sebagai
identifikasi daerah kekuasaan lewat tulisan nama gang, gang gabungan, para
anggota gang, atau tulisan tentang apa yang terjadi di dalam gang itu.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tagging Graffity</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Yaitu jenis graffiti yang sering dipakai
untuk ketenaran seseorang atau kelompok. Semakin banyak graffiti jenis ini
bertebaran, maka makin terkenallah nama pembuatnya.</span></b><b style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Karena itu grafiti jenis ini memerlukan tagging
atau tanda tangan dari pembuat atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.9pt;"><i><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">bomber</span></i></b><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.9pt;"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">-nya. Semacam tanggung jawab karya.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Chiller; mso-fareast-font-family: Chiller;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Contoh –
contoh Graffity <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Indonesian Graffity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Graffity Alphabet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Graffity Creator<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-27632378490886106082012-04-06T07:46:00.002-07:002012-04-06T07:46:59.990-07:00Biografi Chairil Anwar<br />
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Chairil Anwar</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(lahir di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Medan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Kota Medan"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Medan</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Utara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Sumatera Utara"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sumatera Utara</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Juli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="26 Juli"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">26 Juli</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="1922"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1922</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> – meninggal di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Jakarta"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jakarta</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_April" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="28 April"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">28 April</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="1949"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">pada umur 26 tahun</span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">) atau dikenal
sebagai "</span></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Si Binatang</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Jalang</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">" (dari
karyanya yang berjudul<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><i><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku_(puisi)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Aku (puisi)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aku</span></a></span></i></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> </span></b></span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">) adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyair" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Penyair"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyair</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">terkemuka<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Indonesia"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indonesia</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Bersama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrul_Sani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Asrul Sani"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Asrul Sani</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivai_Apin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Rivai Apin"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rivai Apin</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, ia dinobatkan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.B._Jassin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="H.B. Jassin"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">H.B.
Jassin</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">sebagai pelopor<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_%2745" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Angkatan '45"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Angkatan
'45</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dan puisi modern Indonesia.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masa Kecil </span><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dilahirkan
di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Medan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Kota Medan"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Medan</span></a></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,
Chairil Anwar merupakan anak tunggal. Ayahnya bernama Toeloes, mantan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupati" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Bupati"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">bupati</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabupaten_Indragiri&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Kabupaten Indragiri (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Kabupaten Indragiri</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Riau"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Riau</span></a></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,
berasal dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taeh_Baruah&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Taeh Baruah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Taeh Baruah</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Lima_Puluh_Kota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Limapuluh Kota</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Barat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Sumatra Barat"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Sumatra
Barat</span></a></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Sedangkan ibunya Saleha, berasal dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagari_Situjuh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Nagari Situjuh"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Situjuh</span></a>,</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
Limapuluh Kota.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Dia masih punya
pertalian keluarga dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Sutan Sjahrir"><span style="color: #7030a0;">Sutan Sjahrir</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_Menteri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Perdana Menteri"><span style="color: #7030a0;">Perdana Menteri</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pertama Indonesia.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Chairil masuk sekolah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandsch-Inlandsche_School" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Hollandsch-Inlandsche School"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Hollandsch-Inlandsche School</span></a></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">(HIS)</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, sekolah dasar untuk orang-orang
pribumi waktu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_penjajahan_Belanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Masa penjajahan Belanda"><span style="color: #7030a0;">masa penjajahan Belanda</span></a>. Dia kemudian
meneruskan pendidikannya di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_Uitgebreid_Lager_Onderwijs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs</span></a></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">(MULO)</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, sekolah menengah pertama Hindia
Belanda, tetapi dia keluar sebelum lulus. Dia mulai untuk menulis sebagai
seorang remaja tetapi tak satupun puisi awalnya yang ditemukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pada usia sembilan belas tahun, setelah perceraian
orang-tuanya, Chairil pindah dengan ibunya ke Jakarta di mana dia berkenalan
dengan dunia<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Sastra"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">sastra</span></a></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Meskipun pendidikannya tak selesai,
Chairil menguasai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">bahasa Inggris</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Bahasa Belanda"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">bahasa
Belanda</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Bahasa Jerman"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">bahasa
Jerman</span></a></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, dan dia mengisi jam-jamnya dengan membaca karya-karya
pengarang internasional ternama, seperti:</span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainer_M._Rilke&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Rainer M. Rilke (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Rainer M. Rilke</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.H._Auden&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="W.H. Auden (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">W.H. Auden</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archibald_MacLeish&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Archibald MacLeish (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Archibald MacLeish</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._Marsman&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="H. Marsman (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">H. Marsman</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Slaurhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="J. Slaurhoff (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">J. Slaurhoff</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_du_Perron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Edgar du Perron"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Edgar du
Perron</span></a></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Penulis-penulis ini sangat memengaruhi tulisannya dan
secara tidak langsung memengaruhi puisi tatanan kesusasteraan Indonesia.</span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masa Dewasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Nama
Chairil mulai terkenal dalam dunia sastera setelah pemuatan tulisannya di "</span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majalah_Nisan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Majalah Nisan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Majalah Nisan</span></a></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">" pada tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1942"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1942</span></a>,
pada saat itu dia baru berusia dua puluh tahun. Hampir semua puisi-puisi yang
dia tulis merujuk pada kematian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Chairil ketika menjadi penyiar radio Jepang di
Jakarta jatuh cinta pada Sri Ayati tetapi hingga akhir hayatnya Chairil tidak
memiliki keberanian untuk mengungkapkannya.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Puisi-puisinya
beredar di atas kertas murah selama<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_pendudukan_Jepang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Masa pendudukan Jepang"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">masa pendudukan Jepang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>di Indonesia dan tidak diterbitkan
hingga tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="1945"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1945</span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Semua
tulisannya yang asli, modifikasi, atau yang diduga diciplak dikompilasi dalam
tiga buku :<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deru_Campur_Debu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Deru Campur Debu"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Deru Campur Debu</span></a></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">(1949)</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">;<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerikil_Tajam_Yang_Terampas_dan_Yang_Putus&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Kerikil Tajam Yang Terampas dan Yang Putus (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerikil Tajam Yang Terampas dan Yang Putus</span></a></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">(1949)</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">; dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiga_Menguak_Takdir&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Tiga Menguak Takdir (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tiga Menguak Takdir</span></a></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">(1950, kumpulan puisi dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrul_Sani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Asrul Sani"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Asrul Sani</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivai_Apin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" title="Rivai Apin"><span style="color: #f79646; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Rivai Apin</span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Akhir Hidup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB855s0uuja7QRD4_G43FwriyPb9QfBYjbzX-lQT-q8zdYgQVBaY7n6T5Xao7jCCbVuAIiqJbaFgvFtF81KIJmfAC2fZiMsfS5u2j11WvXbti1Kvo0W0iYRa5ogrNPX49akiVoPUxZVFbe/s1600/makam_Chairil_Anwar,_di+tpu+Karet_Bivak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB855s0uuja7QRD4_G43FwriyPb9QfBYjbzX-lQT-q8zdYgQVBaY7n6T5Xao7jCCbVuAIiqJbaFgvFtF81KIJmfAC2fZiMsfS5u2j11WvXbti1Kvo0W0iYRa5ogrNPX49akiVoPUxZVFbe/s320/makam_Chairil_Anwar,_di+tpu+Karet_Bivak.jpg" width="238" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Vitalitas puitis Chairil tidak pernah diimbangi kondisi
fisiknya, yang bertambah lemah akibat gaya hidupnya yang semrawut. Sebelum dia
bisa menginjak usia dua puluh tujuh tahun, dia sudah kena sejumlah penyakit.
Chairil Anwar meninggal dalam usia muda karena penyakit TBC<span style="font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Dia dikuburkan di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Pemakaman_Umum_Karet_Bivak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Taman Pemakaman Umum Karet Bivak"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Taman Pemakaman Umum Karet Bivak</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, Jakarta. Makamnya diziarahi oleh ribuan pengagumnya dari
zaman ke zaman. Hari meninggalnya juga selalu diperingati sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #f79646;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hari_Chairil_Anwar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;" title="Hari Chairil Anwar (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background: white; color: #f79646; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: accent6;">Hari Chairil Anwar</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karya Tulis yang Diterbitkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTYr0fvCQ1DcVV0ywcKUB7HzGlwsPKwBmliaEzTWW72ybl5j_LXE9gIVDb79MCaKR4ZQ_P-mZ9Fwa9z-msgLkt457Vh0sWApSK86oSULapImz5wC0FKP8GZpTbNghGlRbJtQvh_wsFeTlw/s1600/3smpul+Buku_Chairil_Anwar_Deru_Tjampur_Debu_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTYr0fvCQ1DcVV0ywcKUB7HzGlwsPKwBmliaEzTWW72ybl5j_LXE9gIVDb79MCaKR4ZQ_P-mZ9Fwa9z-msgLkt457Vh0sWApSK86oSULapImz5wC0FKP8GZpTbNghGlRbJtQvh_wsFeTlw/s1600/3smpul+Buku_Chairil_Anwar_Deru_Tjampur_Debu_01.jpg" /></a><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deru_Campur_Debu" title="Deru Campur Debu"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Deru Campur Debu</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerikil_Tajam_dan_Yang_Terampas_dan_Yang_Putus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kerikil Tajam dan Yang Terampas dan Yang Putus (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerikil Tajam
dan Yang Terampas dan Yang Putus</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1949)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiga_Menguak_Takdir&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tiga Menguak Takdir (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tiga Menguak Takdir</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950" title="1950"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1950</span></a>) (dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrul_Sani" title="Asrul Sani"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Asrul Sani</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivai_Apin" title="Rivai Apin"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rivai Apin</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"<i>Aku Ini Binatang Jalang</i>: koleksi sajak
1942-1949", disunting oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamusuk_Eneste&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pamusuk Eneste (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pamusuk Eneste</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kata_penutup&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kata penutup (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kata penutup</span></a> oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapardi_Djoko_Damono" title="Sapardi Djoko Damono"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sapardi Djoko Damono</span></a> (1986)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derai-derai_Cemara&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Derai-derai Cemara (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Derai-derai Cemara</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1998)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulanglah_Dia_Si_Anak_Hilang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pulanglah Dia Si Anak Hilang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pulanglah Dia Si
Anak Hilang</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1948), terjemahan karya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gide" title="Andre Gide"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Andre Gide</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kena_Gempur&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kena Gempur (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kena Gempur</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1951),
terjemahan karya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">John Steinbeck</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjemahan ke Bahasa Asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #7030a0;">Karya-karya Chairil
juga banyak diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa asing, antara lain </span><span style="color: orange;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: orange;">bahasa Inggris</span></span></a>,<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: orange;">Jerman</span></span></a> </span><span style="color: #7030a0;">dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Spanyol" title="Bahasa Spanyol"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: orange;">Spanyol</span></span></a><span style="color: #7030a0;">.
Terjemahan karya-karyanya di antaranya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Sharp gravel, Indonesian poems", oleh Donna M.
Dickinson (Berkeley, California, 1960)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Cuatro poemas indonesios [por] Amir Hamzah, Chairil Anwar,
Walujati" (Madrid: Palma de Mallorca, 1962)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chairil Anwar: Selected Poems oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Raffel" title="Burton Raffel"><span style="color: #7030a0; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Burton Raffel</span></a> dan
Nurdin Salam (New York, New Directions, 1963)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Only Dust: Three Modern Indonesian Poets", oleh Ulli
Beier (Port Moresby [New Guinea]: Papua Pocket Poets, 1969)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Complete Poetry and Prose of Chairil Anwar, disunting dan
diterjemahkan oleh Burton Raffel (Albany, State University of New York Press, 1970)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Complete Poems of Chairil Anwar, disunting dan diterjemahkan
oleh Liaw Yock Fang, dengan bantuan H. B. Jassin (Singapore: University
Education Press, 1974)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Feuer und Asche: sämtliche Gedichte, Indonesisch/Deutsch oleh
Walter Karwath (Wina: Octopus Verlag, 1978)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Voice of the Night: Complete Poetry and Prose of Chairil
Anwar, oleh Burton Raffel (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, Center for
International Studies, 1993)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karya-karya tentang Chairil Anwar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chairil Anwar: memperingati hari 28 April 1949, diselenggarakan
oleh Bagian Kesenian Djawatan Kebudajaan, Kementerian Pendidikan, Pengadjaran
dan Kebudajaan (Djakarta, 1953).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYiqEPUqSLqXVAQWBhbC9W137AZIxrjhy-K4HS1KRtyKVwY9LjRAhfAoA62O2g-kg1z4jLgti1NikfLEB4SbiwpGTRdygRCOozf-VRYN0DcB9RPKrov-4Dmu2vYZFCnKi-JE5Ij9BkmLob/s1600/4patung+chaairil+anwar+di+jkrt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYiqEPUqSLqXVAQWBhbC9W137AZIxrjhy-K4HS1KRtyKVwY9LjRAhfAoA62O2g-kg1z4jLgti1NikfLEB4SbiwpGTRdygRCOozf-VRYN0DcB9RPKrov-4Dmu2vYZFCnKi-JE5Ij9BkmLob/s1600/4patung+chaairil+anwar+di+jkrt.jpg" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boen S. Oemarjati, "Chairil Anwar: The Poet and his
Language" (Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abdul Kadir Bakar, "Sekelumit pembicaraan tentang penyair
Chairil Anwar" (Ujung Pandang: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Ilmu-Ilmu Sastra, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Hasanuddin, 1974)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S.U.S. Nababan, "A Linguistic Analysis of the Poetry of
Amir Hamzah and Chairil Anwar" (New York, 1976).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arief Budiman, "Chairil Anwar: Sebuah Pertemuan"
(Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1976).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Robin Anne Ross, Some Prominent Themes in the Poetry of Chairil
Anwar, Auckland, 1976.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.B. Jassin, "Chairil Anwar, pelopor Angkatan '45, disertai
kumpulan hasil tulisannya", (Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1983).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Husain Junus, "Gaya bahasa Chairil Anwar" (Manado:
Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 1984).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rachmat Djoko Pradopo, "Bahasa puisi penyair utama sastra
Indonesia modern" (Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa,
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1985).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sjumandjaya, "Aku: berdasarkan perjalanan hidup dan karya
penyair Chairil Anwar (Jakarta: Grafitipers, 1987.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pamusuk Eneste, "Mengenal Chairil Anwar" (Jakarta:
Obor, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zaenal Hakim, "Edisi kritis puisi Chairil Anwar"
(Jakarta: Dian Rakyat, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red;">Sumber : <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairil_Anwar"><span style="color: red;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairil_Anwar</span></a></span></span><br />
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-52462323367374283012012-04-06T06:50:00.002-07:002012-04-06T06:56:41.697-07:00Cara Alami Menghilangkan Jerawat<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara alami menghilangkan jerawat ? ada ga yah ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tentu saja ada, banyak malah. Berikut beberapa
cara tradisional/alami yang bisa kalian coba untuk membantu </span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menghilangkan
jerawat</span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Jeruk Nipis / Lemon</span></b></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhv-XsoBmv9gRTdD2n6EnnR9Mw-n5ktyWhuU_EWq2VfEbBl4Lph5DtkCa-mitf6QGryGoNxkZRd_uHaLaZhm5-mqYj_p5BAy6b0HvlnJM7dlfZ1cnPWhF6NOXhErdk8EMwf6iBhYYzme05/s1600/mengatasi-jerawat+lemon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhv-XsoBmv9gRTdD2n6EnnR9Mw-n5ktyWhuU_EWq2VfEbBl4Lph5DtkCa-mitf6QGryGoNxkZRd_uHaLaZhm5-mqYj_p5BAy6b0HvlnJM7dlfZ1cnPWhF6NOXhErdk8EMwf6iBhYYzme05/s1600/mengatasi-jerawat+lemon.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> <span style="color: red;">Lemon, <span class="yshortcuts">jeruk nipis</span> dan
buah-buah sebangsanya mengandung citric acid yang sangat kaya, dimana citric
acid ini sangat baik untuk memindahkan sel-sel kulit yang mati yang bisa
menyebabkan jerawat. Caranya yaitu dengan mencampurkan jus/perasan lemon dengan
air mawar kemudian oleskan di wajah dan biarkan selama 10-15 menit. Setelah itu
bilas dengan air hangat. Penerapan terapi ini secara rutin dan konsisten selama
15 hari akan memberikan hasil yang cukup luar biasa gunakan dan lihatlah apa
yang terjadi(sudah banyak yang membuktikan, termasuk saya).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Putih Telur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Caranya yaitu, pisahkan kuning
telur dan ambil putih telurnya saja. Kocok sebentar lalu oleskan ke wajah dan
diamkan selama 15 menit. Putih telur ini akan membantu mengurangi minyak di
wajah yang seringkali menyebabkan timbulnya jerawat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Pasta Gigi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Satu hal yang perlu diingat disini
pasta gigi yang digunakan adalah yang bentuknya pasta(seperti Pepsodent) bukan
yang bentuknya gel(seperti Close Up). Caranya hampir sama denga kedua cara di
atas. Oleskan pasta gigi ke jerawat dan bagian lain di sekitar jerawat tersebut
sebelum tidur. Biarkan semalaman/sampai pagi kemudian bilas dengan air bersih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Tomat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-78kAh46iPDILHBLxpblgV1bMvx4voZfB67w-xEvzJTyEq2GzHSeRvMLAAo_sFKKEGTAxkdjEiLVymJBj_N-bO3UdKTanApNagZbPYzBMM9nIfkg64AMtVNSjd8ZhrbNQ0GFkzRg7qSJ0/s1600/mengatasi+dgn+tomat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-78kAh46iPDILHBLxpblgV1bMvx4voZfB67w-xEvzJTyEq2GzHSeRvMLAAo_sFKKEGTAxkdjEiLVymJBj_N-bO3UdKTanApNagZbPYzBMM9nIfkg64AMtVNSjd8ZhrbNQ0GFkzRg7qSJ0/s1600/mengatasi+dgn+tomat.jpg" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Buah yang satu ini selain bagus
untuk kesehatan mata juga cukup efektif menghilangkan komedo hitam (blackheads).
Yang pertama harus dilakukan adalah mengiris tomat menjadi dua lalu oleskan ke
seluruh wajah yang berjerawat dan biarkan selama 15 menit – 1 jam kemudian
bilas. dan makanlah untuk perawatan dari dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Lidah Buaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLrClkv3HCZA_fmWyHz6nYv55ZNRPlNGFESa7CmCufa6mgSI3VU_kR-xPadmuoMnT0OV4iPV4ZR3NZ2mvzlrs26u-S1lstcZxrYm9k7qWCLCDdoXMZxAGjE7eBHFe05180V59laEnunCMg/s1600/mengatasi+lidah+buaya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLrClkv3HCZA_fmWyHz6nYv55ZNRPlNGFESa7CmCufa6mgSI3VU_kR-xPadmuoMnT0OV4iPV4ZR3NZ2mvzlrs26u-S1lstcZxrYm9k7qWCLCDdoXMZxAGjE7eBHFe05180V59laEnunCMg/s1600/mengatasi+lidah+buaya.jpg" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Perhatian jangan gunakan lidah yang
asli dari mulut buaya, he,, Ambil satu daun lidah buaya, potong beberapa
bagian, kelupas kulit luarnya, oleskan di bagian yang muncul jerawat, dan
ulangi melakukan cara ini tiap pagi dan sore. Jika kalian cukup telaten,
jerawat mungkin akan dapat mongering dan mengelupas selama 3 hari. Selain itu <span class="yshortcuts">lidah buaya</span> juga mampu <span class="yshortcuts">menghilangkan
bekas jerawat</span> yang membandel. Sekali lagi kuncinya hanya satu,
telaten.!!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Bawang Putih<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr62zrFhR37O57aLCBkLodY8YUxKDFR4qazQPAE3WKvXEm-nDFBcKYqLxRM0BkKQArJt9mPcfkTz5ELIVyobdbc3OPO2V5qcepPLregwXCWYtC8FmLfVP3SY5TiML-ztk0Mh5DRBPrxe6A/s1600/mncegah+dgn+bawang-putih.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr62zrFhR37O57aLCBkLodY8YUxKDFR4qazQPAE3WKvXEm-nDFBcKYqLxRM0BkKQArJt9mPcfkTz5ELIVyobdbc3OPO2V5qcepPLregwXCWYtC8FmLfVP3SY5TiML-ztk0Mh5DRBPrxe6A/s320/mncegah+dgn+bawang-putih.jpg" width="262" /></a></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Ada dua pilihan dalam</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"> <a href="http://www.blogdunia.co.cc/2010/09/7-cara-menghilangkan-jerawat-secara.html" target="_blank"><span class="yshortcuts"><b><span style="color: blue;">menggunakan
bawang putih untuk menghilangkan jerawat</span></b></span></a>. <span style="color: red;">Pertama dengan menumbuk dua atau lebih bawang putih hingga
cukup halus lalu dioleskan ke bagian wajah yang berjerawat. Diamkan selama 10
menit lalu bilas. Sedangkan cara kedua adalah dengan memakan satu atau lebih <span class="yshortcuts">bawang putih</span> setiap hari.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Banyak yang mengatakan kedua cara
ini cukup efekktif, namun bagi kalian yang tidak menyukai bau bawang putih
mungkin lebih baik menempuh cara yang lain. Jangan khawatir masih banyak cara
alami lainnya yang akan saya jelaskan di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Selalu Bersihkan Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJXjYmI8tekipBfAELIYjQMyd9WLHwHKPKp-YwMr1DdI4GVyIbYOI9wDz1JOztkxBWzxP-Z4AMuFXvWqTGt26RLg6rB9CUjjW9IcvL7UimCgpBXfPUDHwJ_n6Y6DLZEznjIVkmaarnedh8/s1600/mmbersihkan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJXjYmI8tekipBfAELIYjQMyd9WLHwHKPKp-YwMr1DdI4GVyIbYOI9wDz1JOztkxBWzxP-Z4AMuFXvWqTGt26RLg6rB9CUjjW9IcvL7UimCgpBXfPUDHwJ_n6Y6DLZEznjIVkmaarnedh8/s1600/mmbersihkan.jpg" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Kristen ITC';">Selalu rawat kebersihan wajah
setiap hari dari kotoran dan debu dijalan. Untuk kita yang selalu aktif dan
berurusan dengan debu dijalan, maka rajin-rajinlah membersihkan muka sebelum
atau sesudah beraktifitas. Sebagai konsumsi dari dalam, maka perbanyaklah makan
sayuran dan minum air putih. Buat yang gak suka sayur.!, maka buah yang
mengandung air dapat menjadi alternatif dalam merawat wajah dari dalam. Karena
kandungan yang terdapat dalam buah dan sayuran sangat diyakini bisa menjadikan
wajah kita lebih bersih dan berseri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><a href="http://www.blogdunia.co.cc/2010/09/7-cara-menghilangkan-jerawat-secara.html" target="_blank"><span class="yshortcuts"><b><span style="color: blue;">cara alami
untuk menghilangkan jerawat</span></b></span></a> <span style="color: red;">yang
telah saya sebutkan di atas tidak harus kalian lakukan semua. Kalo kalian
termasuk pemalas(seperti saya), pilih saja salah satu cara yang menurut kalian
paling mudah dilakukan. Jalankan selama minimal 15 hari secara rutin, lakukan
dan lihatlah apa yang terjadi jika tidak ada perubahan baru coba cara yang
lain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC';"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nah…berikut
ini tips mencegah dan menghilangkan
jerawat secara alami dengan mudah tanpa dihantui oleh efek samping yang
berbahaya bagi kulit wajah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #00b0f0;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Rajin mencuci muka, tapi jangan menggunakan
sabun mandi biasa tapi menggunakan sabun cuci wajah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #00b0f0;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Kalau tangan kotor jangan pernah menyentuh
kulit wajah anda, karena itu bisa menimbulkan jerawat, karena telapak
tangan bersarangnya kuman-kuman yang bisa mengakibatkan munculnya jerawat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #00b0f0;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Membersikan muka dengan air hangat, lalu
pijat-pijat muka anda biar muka anda bisa rilek sasi.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #00b0f0;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Makan daun kemangi dan karena daun kemangi bisa
menghilangkan jerawat dan juga menghaluskan wajah anda. Kalau bisa yang
menta dan itu bisa di makan untuk lalapan tempe penyet rasanya makyus
wenak tenan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #00b0f0;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Ketimun dan bengkuang sangat bagus di buat masker
karena ketimun dan bengkuang berguna untuk mengangkat kulit mati atau
sel-sel yang mati dari wajah kita.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #00b0f0;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Hindari makan makanan yang merangsang tumbuhnya
jerawat seperti kacang – kacangan dan makanan berprotein tinggi lain. Jika
harus makan makanan tersebut, makan secukupnya saja.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #00b0f0;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt;">Hindari stress berlebihan karena akan mamecu
pertumbuhan jerawat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: lime; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><b>Sumber : <span style="font-size: 12pt;">c13nta_kawe@yahoo.com</span></b></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7615296602134687832.post-53028312552297746892012-04-03T04:25:00.002-07:002012-04-03T04:31:03.758-07:00Alas Kaki CROCS berlogo ALLAH<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Saya membuat tulisan ini bukan dalam
rangka menyebar kebencian kepada mereka, tapi minimal setelah kita tahu dibalik
logo atau gambar tersebut ada indikasi pelecehan kalimat jalah itu, dan minimal
setelah tahu kita tidak akan membeli atau mengenakan produknya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Bagi anda pecinta sendal dan sepatu merek Crocs, kayaknya perlu
berpikir dua kali jika ingin mengkoleksinya, kalo diperhatikan logo Crocs yang
dibalik itu sangat mirip lafadz Allah lho.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Seperti yang kami temui di social media dan ramai diberitakan di
Kaskus pekan terakhir Desember 2010 lalu, ternyata gosip logo Crocs yang
dibalik akan menyerupai Lafadz Allah memang benar adanya. Tim Voa-Islam secara
sporadis bergerilya di media online, forum dan social media akhirnya menemukan
logo yang dimaksud.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">Kali ini adalah
alas kaki, sandal atau sepatu merk Crocs asal Amerika, yang cukup di gemari
oleh orang Indonesia. Siapa sangka kalau ternyata ada sesuatu yang dianggap
tidak wajar pada alas sepatu tersebut. Memang belum ada yang memastikan apakah
logo Crocs tersebut sengaja diukir menyerupai tulisan Alah atau hanya kebetulan
saja,</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;"> tetapi coba kita lihat
gambar-gambar berikut.</span><span style="color: #111111;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMjDNVpW-z3HicGNN3CihWhnyRcXa9VGbt5bJ_aiM5in-r_0mIKVmFlfXPG3PwuZqIy5N-ymReWbsvbcO-tpDQB-WftrXrq7E4ZZe4PhP2-H0Lz0yfwv-CMwCI9m8FoLNOcTxD5RVr0LKz/s1600/1+Logo-tulisan-Allah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMjDNVpW-z3HicGNN3CihWhnyRcXa9VGbt5bJ_aiM5in-r_0mIKVmFlfXPG3PwuZqIy5N-ymReWbsvbcO-tpDQB-WftrXrq7E4ZZe4PhP2-H0Lz0yfwv-CMwCI9m8FoLNOcTxD5RVr0LKz/s1600/1+Logo-tulisan-Allah.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Sebenarnya Logo Crocs yang asli itu seperti
dibawah ini, silahkan anda sekalian mencari di google:</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfpSab77jLgnJVAN71Oz-Sf7JER1In9DoRiLOniwN3eHipSX7GQRa-nVvJUMSn2Pg16QZb2h8Y2SC5ZiNpjMzh_F6o1nT_OWqrDn76LWS8459D_rd2nyVDWrNHz1aqDVKuFwPdbnFeShTi/s1600/2+Logo-crocs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfpSab77jLgnJVAN71Oz-Sf7JER1In9DoRiLOniwN3eHipSX7GQRa-nVvJUMSn2Pg16QZb2h8Y2SC5ZiNpjMzh_F6o1nT_OWqrDn76LWS8459D_rd2nyVDWrNHz1aqDVKuFwPdbnFeShTi/s1600/2+Logo-crocs.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYvxX3ylm9MmKKnmElx799Y7bjBxCDZ5wWmbSze4xISLdVbPm3z5tVrEGAUk93P2Qjz3AT4b5cFxlZbmmPy2jAZKstwGPLipB68IX3nCqydP9a1NpRWbsikY7wTd29dJZ6ZeQRRu5GfA0/s1600/3+Logo-tulisan-Allah-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYvxX3ylm9MmKKnmElx799Y7bjBxCDZ5wWmbSze4xISLdVbPm3z5tVrEGAUk93P2Qjz3AT4b5cFxlZbmmPy2jAZKstwGPLipB68IX3nCqydP9a1NpRWbsikY7wTd29dJZ6ZeQRRu5GfA0/s1600/3+Logo-tulisan-Allah-2.jpg" /></a><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Akan kita dapati perubahan
logo diatas dengan logo yang tertera di sandal atau sepatu nya, silahkan
bandingkan, seperti gambar disamping</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Yang paling menonjol perubahannya
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">Mulut buaya terbuka sehingga antara rahang bawah dan atas
terdapat ruang. Pada logo asli mulut buaya tida terbuka, sehingga semakin jelas
merupakan huruf lam yang tersambung dengan huruf lam lagi didepannya.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">Rahang atas buaya lebih kecil. Pada logo asli ukurannya lebih
besar.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">Kaki kanan buaya diukir lebih keluar dibandingkan pada logo asli,
sehingga semakin jelas menjadi bentuk tasydid.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsOWIab1uWYtq-6ZQqv2H047sxNDq4ZXc3eEzFTkHey8Ge8jc68E1pSK1ynN5b7QjcdLh6DPWtkflMwdtGKh2H-1jqGzI6UirGlHIQpvbhDsCiUCXBWkL7xbuydozGCUSn01XoUUqffen3/s1600/4+Logo-tulisan-Allah-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: magenta;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsOWIab1uWYtq-6ZQqv2H047sxNDq4ZXc3eEzFTkHey8Ge8jc68E1pSK1ynN5b7QjcdLh6DPWtkflMwdtGKh2H-1jqGzI6UirGlHIQpvbhDsCiUCXBWkL7xbuydozGCUSn01XoUUqffen3/s200/4+Logo-tulisan-Allah-3.jpg" width="178" /></span></a><span style="color: magenta;"><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">Gambar pertama diatas adalah ketika dibalik 80 derajat, maka
menurut mata sehat saya adalah sangat jelas mirip dengan kalimat </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">ألله</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">Kalo anda
terlanjur membeli, baiknya di "kerok" </span></b><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">atau di silet bagian logo Crocs
tersebut dan jangan lagi beli Crocs apalagi yang Asli..</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Mari kita
tunggu klarifikasi resmi dari Crocs atau kita buat gerakan</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></b><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">"Ayo
Boikot Crocs!!"</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">Fakta Lain : Bahaya Menggunakan Crocs</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;">CROCS</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"> merek sepatu baru
asal Colorado dari Negeri Paman Sam ini mulai berdiri sejak tahun 2002 pada
mulanya didesain untuk kegiatan outdoor dan berlayar. Ini karena Crocs terbuat
dari karet yang anti-slip dan pastinya tahan air sehingga mudah untuk
dikeringkan karena berbahan dasar Croslite yang anti-bacteria.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Namun kini sepatu sejenis
Crocs dan Flip-Flops sedang dalam penelitian ulang, akibat sejak 2006 banyak
laporan kecelakaan terjepit di escalator. Korbannya sebagian besar anak-anak.
Memang karena sifatnya yang anti-slip sepatu ini terasa seret, dan ketika
penggunanya berada escalator mereka sering tidak sadar menempelkan kakinya pada
pinggir escalator, akibatnya sepatu itu tersangkut, sedangkan escalator jalan
terus. Di Negeri asalnya pun ada peringatan, “If you’re wearing Crocs, Be
Careful”<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta;">Kejadian ini paling sering terjadi Mall2, banyak
anak kecil yang tersangkut escalator dan setelah diperhatikan semua korbannya
menggunakan sepatu karet ini. Pengelola kini memasang peringatan untuk tidak
menggunakan sepatu karet di setiap escalator yang gambarnya mirip Crocs,
petugas pun disebar di dekat escalator agar tidak terjadi kecelakaan serupa.
Sedangkan di Bandung baru BIP saja yang memasang peringatan ini</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVnSBgIG6RSxGW5tB0hVL8NfWH0CJIfSE6n7OzQo2m8OQKinvijeU0Znrm4l1MzgLn2NDeMFmkeWsUymljWmXk4R9RpproWldwizvwZKSXZzTQ77_VESrgQlsKdpQIWi84ajqx7t112eD6/s1600/5+crocs-d-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVnSBgIG6RSxGW5tB0hVL8NfWH0CJIfSE6n7OzQo2m8OQKinvijeU0Znrm4l1MzgLn2NDeMFmkeWsUymljWmXk4R9RpproWldwizvwZKSXZzTQ77_VESrgQlsKdpQIWi84ajqx7t112eD6/s320/5+crocs-d-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta;">Rumah sakit di beberapa negara telah mulai
melarang penggunaan Crocs. Salah satu keprihatinan adalah risiko infeksi ketika
darah dari seorang pasien yang sedang sakit jatuh pada kaki seseorang melalui
Crocs yang berlubang di atasnya. Selain itu ada pula pertanyaan-pertanyaan
mengenai apakah Crocs bisa menarik listrik statis yang dapat mengganggu
peralatan medis.</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: magenta;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">gambar sandalnya
kesangkut</span></b><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">“If
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